Surface Tension of Hydrocarbons

Katz, Donald L.; Saltman, William M.

doi:10.1021/ie50349a019

Cited by 39 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…30 This trend has been previously shown for a variety of non-noble metal oxide materials including zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2 ) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), among others, and occurs due to physisorption of hydrocarbons to OH -groups and other energetically favorable sites present on the surface, 17,31 where van-der-Waals and hydrogen bonding are typical 32 but covalent bonding is also possible. 33 The results of the XPS analysis conducted here show that the amount of carbon present on the surface is indeed increasing over time, indicating that hydrocarbons adsorb to the cleaned surface after exposure to air.…”

mentioning

confidence: 72%

Effect of hydrocarbon adsorption on the wettability of rare earth oxide ceramics

Preston

Miljkovic

Sack

et al. 2014

Applied Physics Letters

170

123

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Vapor condensation is routinely used as an effective means of transferring heat, with dropwise condensation exhibiting a 5 -7x heat transfer improvement compared to filmwise condensation.However, state-of-the-art techniques to promote dropwise condensation rely on functional hydrophobic coatings, which are often not robust and therefore undesirable for industrial implementation. Natural surface contamination due to hydrocarbon adsorption, particularly on noble metals, has been explored as an alternative approach to realize stable dropwise condensing surfaces. While noble metals are prohibitively expensive, the recent discovery of robust rare earth oxide (REO) hydrophobicity has generated interest for dropwise condensation applications due to material costs approaching 1% of gold; however, the underlying mechanism of REO hydrophobicity remains under debate. In this work, we show through careful experiments and modeling that REO hydrophobicity occurs due to the same hydrocarbon adsorption mechanism seen previously on noble metals. To investigate adsorption dynamics, we studied holmia and ceria REOs, along with control samples of gold and silica, via X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and dynamic time-resolved contact angle measurements. The contact angle and surface 2 carbon percent started at ≈ 0 on in-situ argon-plasma-cleaned samples and increased asymptotically over time after exposure to laboratory air, with the rare earth oxides displaying hydrophobic (> 90 degrees) advancing contact angle behavior at long times (> 4 days). The results indicate that REOs are in fact hydrophilic when clean, and become hydrophobic due to hydrocarbon adsorption. Furthermore, this study provides insight into how REOs can be used to promote stable dropwise condensation, which is important for the development of enhanced phase change surfaces. However, the longevity of these ultra-thin coatings remains a question due to the lack of extended or accelerated testing to assess mechanical durability and long-term stability. KEYWORDS:An alternative to the direct application of low-surface-energy coatings relies on surface contamination due to energetically favorable hydrocarbon adsorption, particularly on high thermal conductivity noble metals (i.e., gold and silver). 7 These metals are wetting when clean, but reduce their surface energy by adsorbing hydrocarbons from air, enabling dropwise condensation when used as condenser surfaces. The robustness of this approach is welldocumented, with one paper demonstrating continuous dropwise condensation on gold for over five years in a closed system. 8 Unfortunately, the high price of noble metals prohibits this approach in practice.Researchers have recently demonstrated rare earth oxides (REOs) as potential candidates for condenser surface coatings due the their apparent intrinsic hydrophobicity 9 and costs approaching 1% of gold. 10 However, reported contact angles on REOs are inconsistent. 4Advancing contact angles ranging from 17 -134° have been observed, with a study reporting...

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mentioning

confidence: 72%

Effect of hydrocarbon adsorption on the wettability of rare earth oxide ceramics

Preston

Miljkovic

Sack

et al. 2014

Applied Physics Letters

170

123

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“…The IFT data of pure hydrocarbons and simple inorganic fluids are used to test the new correlations. The critical properties and the acentric factors of pure compounds were taken from Reid et al (1987) and the experimental IFT data of pure substances between the coexisting vapor and liquid phases fiom Jasper (1972), Vargaftik (1975), Korosi and Kovats (1981), Katz and Saltman (1939) and Yaws (1992).…”

Section: Results and Discussion Pure Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corresponding‐states and parachor models for the calculation of interfacial tensions

Zuo

Stenby

1997

Can J Chem Eng

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A generalized corresponding-states model based on two reference fluids and a parachor correlation were developed for the prediction of interfacial tensions for non-polar and weakly polar pure fluids and mixtures. Pure methane and n-octane were chosen as reference fluids of the corresponding-states model. The two models were tested on 86 pure substances, more than 30 binary and multicomponent mixtures, 1 1 naphtha reformate cuts, 6 petroleum cuts and 2 North Sea oil mixtures. The calculated results were found to be in good agreement with experimental data.Un modele d'etats correspondants generalise s'appuyant sur deux fluides de reference et une correlation de parachor a ete mis au point pour la prediction des tensions interfaciales pour des fluides et des melanges purs non polaires et legerement polaires. Du methane et du n-octane purs ont ete choisis comme fluides de reference du modele d'etats correspondants. Les deux modeles ont ete testes sur 86 substances pures, plus de 30 melanges binaires et multicomposants, 11 coupes de reformat de naphta, 6 coupes de petrole et 2 melanges de petrole de la mer du Nord. On a trouve un bon accord entre les resultats calcules et les donnees experimentales.Keywords: corresponding-states, parachor, interfacial tension, reference fluids.he interfacial tension (IFT) is an important parameter for T modeling many secondary and tertiary recovery processes of petroleum reservoir fluids. In immiscible displacements, the efficiency of the recovery process is influenced by the IFT between the fluid phases present in the reservoir. In gas condensate systems, for instance, the low JFT is the dominant fluid property which determines relative permeabilities and residual liquid saturations. There are several methods available for predicting IFTs, e.g. the parachor method, the gradient theory and the corresponding-states theory.The standard method of IFT predictions in reservoir simulators is the parachor method proposed by Weinaug and Katz (1943) and its extensions. The parachor method is sensitive to the accuracy of the parachor because of the fourth power relationship between the IFT and the parachor. Gasem et al. (1989) compared the Weinaug-Katz (1943), Lee-Chien (1984) and Hugill-van Welsenes (1986) models. The results indicated that each of these models could represent the data with average errors of less than 10% if a scaling exponent of 3.6 was incorporated in the models and some parameters were tuned to fit experimental data. More recently, Ali (1994) reviewed the methods for estimating the parachors of petroleum fractions and pseudocomponents and compared seven existing IFT correlations. All the correlations predicted the results with deviations around 2040%.The gradient theory (GT) of interfaces has been successfully used for estimating interfacial properties of pure fluids and mixtures (Carey et al., 1978, Sahimi and Taylor, 1991, Cornelisse et al., 1993. However, since the GT is complicated and time-consuming, it is difficult to apply the GT to multicomponent mixtures and re...

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“…Essentially, the WCA test is probing the hydrophobic hydrocarbon layer opposed to the subjacent graphite. 71,235 This mechanism is described in Section 2.2 (page 12) and in our previous work on graphene and HOPG. [75][76][77] Mangolini et al used near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and XPS to investigate the thickness and chemical nature of the adsorbed contamination layer on diamond and amorphous carbon.…”

Section: Static Water Contact Anglementioning

confidence: 99%