“…Up to now, Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles with various morphologies such as nanospheres [31,32], nanorods [33][34][35][36], nanowalls [37], nanoneedles [38], nanobelts [39], nanowires [40], nanoflowers [41], nanotubes [42,43], nanofibers [44], nanodiscs [45], and nanochains [46] have been synthesized with different approaches, including urea precipitation [47], chemical vapor deposition [48], sol-gel [49], microwave-assisted process [50], wet chemical approach [51], and hydrothermal method [39,[52][53][54]. Hydrothermal methods are widely used to produce various different Co 3 O 4 nanomaterials.…”