Surfactant‐Free Emulsion Polymerization of Various Methacrylates: Towards Monodisperse Colloids for Polymer Opals

Egen, M.; Zentel, Rudolf

doi:10.1002/macp.200400087

Cited by 93 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…However, especially surfactant-free emulsion polymerization is priced for the high monodispersity [29,183] of the resulting latex particles. These find applications where high precision colloidal crystals are needed, most prominently in the fields of photonics, [184][185] phononics, [186][187] and lithography.…”

Section: Incorporation Of Metal Complexes By Emulsion Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Patterning with Colloidal Monolayers

Vogel

2012

Springer Theses

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This thesis focuses on the controlled assembly of monodisperse polymer colloids into ordered two-dimensional arrangements. These assemblies, commonly referred to as colloidal monolayers, are subsequently used as masks for the generation of arrays of complex metal nanostructures on solid substrates.The motivation of the research presented here is twofold. First, monolayer crystallization methods were developed to simplify the assembly of colloids and to produce more complex arrangements of colloids in a precise way. Second, various approaches to colloidal lithography are designed with the aim to include novel features or functions to arrays of metal nanostructures.The air/water interface was exploited for the crystallization of colloidal monolayer architectures as it combines a two-dimensional confinement with a high lateral mobility of the colloids that is beneficial for the creation of high long range order. A direct assembly of colloids is presented that provides a cheap, fast and conceptually simple methodology for the preparation of ordered colloidal monolayers. The produced two-dimensional crystals can be transformed into nonclose-packed architectures by a plasma-induced size reduction step, thus providing valuable masks for more sophisticated lithographic processes. Finally, the controlled co-assembly of binary colloidal crystals with defined stoichiometries on a Langmuir trough is introduced and characterized with respect to accessible configurations and size ratios.Several approaches to lithography are presented that aim at introducing different features to colloidal lithography. First, using metal-complex containing latex particles, the synthesis of which is described as well, symmetric arrays of metal nanoparticles can be created by controlled combustion of the organic material of the colloids. The process does not feature an inherent limit in nanoparticle size and is able to produce complex materials as will be demonstrated for FePt alloy particles. Precise control over both size and spacing of the particle array is presented.Second, two lithographic processes are introduced to create sophisticated nanoparticle dimer units consisting of two crescent shaped nanostructures in close proximity; essentially by using a single colloid as mask to generate two structures simultaneously. Strong coupling processes of the parental plasmon resonances of the two objects are observed that are accompanied by high near-field enhancements. A plasmon hybridization model is elaborated to explain all polarization dependent shifts of the resonance positions. Last, a technique to produce laterally patterned, ultra-flat substrates without surface topographies by embedding gold nanoparticles in a silicon dioxide matrix is applied to construct robust and re-usable sensing architectures and to introduce an approach for the nanoscale patterning of solid supported lipid bilayer membranes.

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Section: Incorporation Of Metal Complexes By Emulsion Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Patterning with Colloidal Monolayers

Vogel

2012

Springer Theses

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“…We assume a low ion concentration for reactions in deionized water at neutral pH values, with 5 Â 10 À2 estimated as the safe upper limit of ionic strength in order to keep the system below the critical coagulation concentration at the temperature of the reaction. 30 …”

Section: Particle Size Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size Shrinkage of Methacrylate-based Terpolymer Latexes Synthesized by Free Radical Polymerization: Kinetics and Influence of Main Reaction Parameters

Armini

Whelan

Smet

et al. 2006

Polym J

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ABSTRACT:Monodisperse PMMA-based terpolymer particles were synthesized by surfactant-free free radical emulsion polymerization. Particles with a wide and controllable range of size and polymer content were prepared by varying monomer amount, reaction temperature and initiator concentration. A kinetic study of the evolution of the terpolymer colloid composition and morphology reveals a mechanism of fast homogeneous nucleation. Copolymerization of the three monomers yields particles whose composition changes continuously during the reaction, which impacts polymer properties. Temperature and monomer amount are key parameters, particularly in the nucleation and growth stages of the reaction. A linear relationship between the particle size and reaction temperature is observed. This is attributed to the fact that the concentration of small, nucleated primary particles with high surface area, initiated at higher temperatures, is too large for efficient stabilization and hence they are more prone to aggregation. The linear relationship between the volume of the colloids and the ratio of main monomer to water in the reaction batch is due to the growth of the particles that continues while there is MMA available. The initiator concentration is not significant in terms of size and concentration of methacrylate-based colloids since primary particles are formed very early during polymerization and they are not dependent on the number of growing chains. The resulting ''tailor-made'' latexes are promising for a number of unique biotechnological and IC manufacturing applications.

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“…The polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA) spheres were synthesized by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization (Egen and Zentel, 2004), this leads to monodisperse spheres. A total of 400 mL water was heated to reflux in nitrogen atmosphere.…”

Section: Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

High-temperature stable indium oxide photonic crystals: transducer material for optical and resistive gas sensing

Amrehn

Wagner

2016

J. Sens. Sens. Syst.

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Abstract. Indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ) inverse opal is a promising new transducer material for resistive and optical gas sensors. The periodically ordered and highly accessible pores of the inverse opal allow the design of resistive sensors with characteristics independent of structure limitations, such as diffusion effects or limited conductivity due to constricted crosslinking. Additionally the photonic properties caused by the inverse opal structure can be utilized to read out the sensors' electronical state by optical methods. Typically semiconducting sensors are operated at high temperatures (> 300 • C). To maintain a good thermal stability of the transducer material during operation is a minimum requirement. We present results on the synthesis and investigation of the structural stability of the In 2 O 3 inverse opal structure up to a temperature of 550 • C (limit of substrate material). As will be shown, their optical properties are maintained with only slight shifts of the photonic band gaps which can be explained by the results from the structural characterization using X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy combined with optical simulations.

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Surfactant‐Free Emulsion Polymerization of Various Methacrylates: Towards Monodisperse Colloids for Polymer Opals

Cited by 93 publications

References 24 publications

Surface Patterning with Colloidal Monolayers

Surface Patterning with Colloidal Monolayers

Size Shrinkage of Methacrylate-based Terpolymer Latexes Synthesized by Free Radical Polymerization: Kinetics and Influence of Main Reaction Parameters

High-temperature stable indium oxide photonic crystals: transducer material for optical and resistive gas sensing

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