Surfactants in Athabasca Oil Sands Slurry Conditioning, Flotation Recovery, and Tailings Processes

Schramm, Laurier L.; Stasiuk, E.N.; MacKinnon, Michael D.

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511524844.011

Cited by 97 publications

(111 citation statements)

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“…The feasibility of this watercapping approach has been studied since the late 1980s through the set-up and monitoring of a number of experimental test ponds. These test facilities have enabled researchers to study the influence of tailings and the effects of various concentrations of process-affected water on aquatic organisms [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive development of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) exposed to oil sands–affected waters

Heuvel

Hogan

Roloson

et al. 2012

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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In similar experiments conducted in 1996 and 2009, yellow perch (Perca flavescens) were stocked into two experimental systems: a demonstration lake where oil sands fine tailings were capped with natural water and a lake in a watershed containing bitumen-bearing sodic clays. In both experiments, yellow perch were captured in May from a nearby reservoir and released into the experimental ponds. Perch were recaptured in the experimental systems, the source lake, and two reference lakes in late September and lethally sampled to examine reproductive parameters. In the 1996 experiment, gonad size and steroid hormones were not affected in either pond environment. In the 2009 experiment, male perch in the water-capped tailings pond showed a significant reduction in the testicular development and reductions in circulating testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone, while no reductions were seen in the second experimental pond. No changes were observed in ovarian size or circulating steroid levels in female perch. In the pond containing tailings, the release of water from underlying tailings caused approximately a twofold increase in salinity, alkalinity, and naphthenic acids, and a pH increase from 8.4 to 9.4 over the 13-year period of the study. In the pond influenced by unextracted oil sands materials, total dissolved solids, major ions, and pH did not change substantially. However, naphthenic acids in this system dropped more than twofold post-watershed reclamation. Because the selective reproductive effect observed in male perch in the experimental end-pit lake were accompanied by increases in naphthenic acids, alkalinity, and pH, a specific cause cannot be determined. The present study adds to the evidence, suggesting the presence of endocrine-disrupting substances in oil sands.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive development of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) exposed to oil sands–affected waters

Heuvel

Hogan

Roloson

et al. 2012

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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show abstract

“…Naturally present in the oil sands of northern Alberta, Canada and other oil reserves throughout the world are a family of saturated aliphatic and alicyclic carboxylic acids known collectively as naphthenic acids (NAs) [1,2]. NAs are weak acids with a pKa in the range of 5-6 and have shown to possess surface-active properties [3,4].…”

Section: Naphthenic Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Upon the mining and extraction of bitumen from oil sands ore, NAs are solubilized and concentrated in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), where they present several environmental and process-related concerns. For example, a number of studies have shown that NAs present a significant health risk to aquatic and mammalian species upon exposure and may result in both acute and chronic toxicity [2,[5][6][7][8]. Further, NAs have been identified as one of the primary causes of corrosion toward process equipment during bitumen extraction unit operations [1,2,9].…”

Section: Naphthenic Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, a number of studies have shown that NAs present a significant health risk to aquatic and mammalian species upon exposure and may result in both acute and chronic toxicity [2,[5][6][7][8]. Further, NAs have been identified as one of the primary causes of corrosion toward process equipment during bitumen extraction unit operations [1,2,9]. Their presence, however, is essential for the extraction of bitumen droplets from sand particles and the solubilization of these droplets in OSPW [10][11][12].…”

Section: Naphthenic Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, below pH 5, NAs are soluble in the hydrophobic phase and above pH 6, NAs are soluble in the hydrophilic phase. Compared to synthetic anionic surfactants, such as alkyl sulfates and phosphates, NAs have a lower preference for the aqueous phase, but remain water-soluble in alkaline conditions, nonetheless [2]. Table 1 summarizes some of the observed general characteristics of NAs.…”

Section: Molecular Structure and Physical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water treatment technologies for the remediation of naphthenic acids in oil sands process-affected water

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Tam

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Sulfonation and Sulfation

Knaggs

Nepras

2006

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Sulfonation and sulfation are chemical processes for introducing the sulfur trioxide moiety into organic entities. These processes are utilized in both batch and continuous modes to produce anionic surfactants, cyclic intermediates, dyes, pigments, medicinals, pesticides, sweeteners, lubricant additives, and polymeric specialty chemicals. Reagents for sulfonation and sulfation include sulfur trioxide, its derivatives and adducts, and sulfur dioxide and its derivatives. Liquid sulfur trioxide is the most reactive available reagent and is moderated by vaporization and dilution with inert dry gases, by use of reaction solvents, or by using adducting agents. Commercially important sulfonated and sulfated products are described. Continuous falling film gaseous sulfur trioxide sulfonation–sulfation, the method of choice for sulfonating flowable liquid feedstocks, is emphasized. Choice of reagent depends on the chemistry involved, derived product quality, as well as economic and environmental considerations.

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Surfactants in Athabasca Oil Sands Slurry Conditioning, Flotation Recovery, and Tailings Processes

Cited by 97 publications

References 0 publications

Reproductive development of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) exposed to oil sands–affected waters

Reproductive development of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) exposed to oil sands–affected waters

Water treatment technologies for the remediation of naphthenic acids in oil sands process-affected water

Sulfonation and Sulfation

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