Surra: Trypanosomiasis in Livestock is Potential as Zoonotic Disease

Abstract

<em>Trypanosoma evansi</em> is one of blood protozoans having the most wide distribution region compared to other Trypanosome species. The parasite causes trypanosomiasis known as Surra. The disease may cause mortality to the infected animals. In general <em>T evansi</em> only attack animal and cannot infect humans due to apolipoprotein 1 (Apo L-1) in human serum. The protein possess trypanolitic activity feature against <em>T. evansi</em> and effectively eliminates the protozoa. However, the knowledge of Surra infecting animals changed because there were atypical human trypanosomiasis cases reported in some countries due to <em>T. evansi</em>. The human Surra case occurred in Vietnam demonstrated that person with Apo L-1 could be infected by <em>T. evansi</em>. There was resistant strain of <em>T. evansi</em> found which able to disrupt human immune system. This paper will discuss Surra cases in both humans and animals, including mechanism of Apo L-1 on eliminating the parasite. Surra cases in human and animal should be seriously concerned because Surra could be pontential zoonosis threating human health.

Targeted protein degradation might present a novel therapeutic approach in the fight against African trypanosomiasis

“…African trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that is still of significant public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa. Although the number of reported human cases has decreased rapidly in recent years, the battle against HAT is still not over due to increasing evidence of animals hosting human-infective trypanosomes and vice versa ( Desquesnes et al, 2016 ; Wardhana and Savitri, 2018 ; Welburn et al, 2015 ). Therefore, a collective effort toward eradicating human and animal infections is necessary as it is difficult to predict when this emerging zoonosis can result in another epidemic.…”

Molecular detection of Trypanosoma lewisi in rodents distributed in dairy cattle pens and residential areas

“…It has been postulated that R. tanezumi might have a role in the complex epidemiology of surra outbreaks affecting both animals and people. [12,13].…”

Investigation into Trypanosoma evansi Infection in Horses in East Sumba-Indonesia

“…Moreover, horses are the most susceptible to T. evansi infection, followed by camels and dogs, and buffaloes that are referred to as reservoir animals but in pet animals, dogs are considered to be the most susceptible to T. evansi infection (Aregawi et al 2019;Khan et al 2022). The incubation period of Surra in horses is 1-4 weeks followed by common but not specific clinical signs such as fluctuating fever, weakness, lethargy, anemia, severe weight loss, petechial hemorrhages sometime with nervous signs which are different from one host and one place to another associated with its immunosuppressive effects (Desquesnes et al 2013;Wardhana and Savitri 2018). The grates catastrophic outbreak of Surra in Sumba Island, as the largest source of horse breeding in Indonesia, was reported during 2010-2012 causing more than 2000 animal death, primarily horses followed by cattle (Sawitri and Wardhana 2024).…”