“…As important spatial relations, topological relations are concerned with aspects such as connectivity, intersection, and containment. In recent years, research on topological relations has focused on topological invariants (Shen, Zhou, & Chen, 2017), surrounds relations (Dube & Egenhofer, 2014;Worboys & Duckham, 2021), the deriving of topological relations (Dube, 2017(Dube, , 2021, topological changes (Jiang, Worboys, & Nittel, 2011;Worboys, 2012Worboys, , 2013, topological relations between complex objects (Dube, Egenhofer, Lewis, Stephen, & Plummer, 2015;Lewis & Egenhofer, 2014;Shen, Zhang, & Chen, 2020), and related research has produced the foundation for viable information systems (Dube & Egenhofer, 2020). Therefore, for a spatial scene, topological relations between geographic objects are particularly important.…”