Surveillance into crowd control agents

Wheeler, Henrietta; MacLehose, Rachel; Euripidou, Euripides; Murray, Virginia

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)61550-4

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…All hospitalized Marines were improved rapidly and were discharged on light duty until their re-evaluation. Their hospitalization length ranged from 24 to 72 h. Wheeler and co-workers reported data from the National Poisons Information Service London (NPISL) [ 7 ]. The authors collected data on 597 patients enquires made to NPIS (L) in 1997 related to clinical effects after exposure to crowd control agent including CS which in 1996 started to be used by various English police forces.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been suggested that use of CS is characterized by rapid onset of effects, brief duration of effects and minimal side-effects [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. However, there are available data which refer to long-term effects and even life-threatening consequences [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. The mechanism of action of CS is not yet fully clarified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure to the Riot Control Agent CS and Potential Health Effects: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

Dimitroglou

Rachiotis

Hadjichristodoulou

2015

IJERPH

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o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) is one of the most extensively used riot control agents. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review of the potential health effects related to CS exposure. We searched for papers in English between 1991 and 2014. Thirty five (35) studies (25 case reports, seven descriptive studies and three analytical studies) were included in the review. In the twenty five case reports/series 90 cases of exposure to CS and their clinical effects are presented. Their mean age was 25.7 years and 62.0% were males. In addition, 61% of the cases described dermal, 40% respiratory, 57% ocular clinical effects. Life threatening situations as well as long-term health effects were found and were related with exposure to confined/enclosed space. Descriptive and analytical studies have shown attack rates ranging from 12% to 40%. Subjects who were sprayed by the police more often needed special treatment and reported adverse health effects. Apart from transient clinical effects, CS could have lasting and serious effects on human health. Better surveillance of the subjects exposed to CS and completion of cohort studies among exposed populations will illuminate the spectrum of the health effects of exposure to CS.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to the Riot Control Agent CS and Potential Health Effects: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

Dimitroglou

Rachiotis

Hadjichristodoulou

2015

IJERPH

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“…These persistent symptoms included worsening of asthma, decreased exercise tolerance, and coughing. Interestingly, chest pain was more often listed as a symptom more than 24 hours after DCA exposure, rather than immediately after exposure, in multiple studies (Wheeler et al 1998;Ilgaz et al 2019). This delay in symptom onset could confound studies that only assess acute responses or rely on self-reporting, and lead to an underestimation of the health impacts.…”

Section: Health Effects Of Dcas In Human Studies and Incidental Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Tear gas safety and usage practices

Brown

Lyons

Toddes

et al. 2021

JSPG

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While the U.N. Chemical Weapons Convention bans tear gas and other chemical weapons from use in war, their use is still allowed in domestic policing. Public concern about tear gas utilization increases when social justice protesters are subjected to these chemical demonstration control agents. The history of tear gas utilization by law enforcement in the U.S. is rife with corruption and racist intent. Furthermore, the scientific evidence supporting the safety of tear gas is lacking due to both the misinterpretation of public health studies and the paucity of controlled experiments. We find that the current utilization of tear gas is a threat to public health, free speech, and possibly falls outside of the exception for domestic use. We discuss policy alternatives that include alternative crowd control methods, changes to protocols for tear gas deployment and post-use review, increased regulatory oversight, and the possibility of a complete tear gas ban.

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“…MIBK may result in irritant effects that may last well beyond that expected for es alone. Wheeler et al (1998) report that a medline search up to 1995 found no references relevant to the combination of es and MIBK. A search of medline from 1995 to present day found no relevant references.…”

Section: Burnsmentioning

confidence: 99%