Surveillance of Human Calicivirus in Spain

Sánchez-Fauquier, Alicia; Wilhelmi, Isabel; Román, Enriqueta; Colomina, Javier; Montero, Vanessa; Negredo, Anabel

doi:10.3201/eid1108.041166

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Most genogroup II NoV strains detected in this study belonged to the capsid genotypes GII.4 and GII.3 (77.3% and 16.6%, respectively), which are the most prevalent strains globally in children with sporadic AGE [9] , [20] – [22] . The available information on causal genotypes in Spain is scarce, except for those causing outbreaks from 2000–2006, and studies concur that the main causative genotype was GII.4 [17] , [23] . The finding that the only genotype detected in this study in nursing homes and in cases of nosocomial infections was GII.4 was unsurprising, given that in the last decade this genotype has been the main cause of outbreaks in institutions (hospitals, nursing homes, prisons…) worldwide [8] , [23] – [26] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotypes, Recombinant Forms, and Variants of Norovirus GII.4 in Gipuzkoa (Basque Country, Spain), 2009–2012

et al. 2014

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BackgroundNoroviruses (NoVs) are genetically diverse, with genogroup II—and within it—genotype 4 (GII.4) being the most prevalent cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. The aim of this study was to characterize genogroup II NoV causing acute gastroenteritis in the Basque Country (northern Spain) from 2009–2012.MethodsThe presence of NoV RNA was investigated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in stool specimens from children younger than 15 years old with community-acquired acute gastroenteritis, and from hospitalized adults or elderly residents of nursing homes with acute gastroenteritis. For genotyping, the open reading frames ORF1 (encoding the polymerase) and ORF2 (encoding the major capsid protein) were partially amplified and sequenced. Recombinant strains were confirmed by PCR of the ORF1/ORF2 junction region.ResultsNoV was detected in 16.0% (453/2826) of acute gastroenteritis episodes in children younger than 2 years, 9.9% (139/1407) in children from 2 to 14 years, and 35.8% (122/341) in adults. Of 317 NoVs characterized, 313 were genogroup II and four were genogroup I. The GII.4 variants Den Haag-2006b and New Orleans-2009 predominated in 2009 and 2010–2011, respectively. In 2012, the New Orleans-2009 variant was partially replaced by the Sydney-2012 variant (GII.Pe/GII.4) and New Orleans-2009/Sydney-2012 recombinant strains. The predominant capsid genotype in all age groups was GII.4, which was the only genotype detected in outbreaks. The second most frequent genotype was GII.3 (including the recently described recombination GII.P16/GII.3), which was detected almost exclusively in children.ConclusionNine different genotypes of NoV genogroup II were detected; among these, intergenotype recombinant strains represented an important part, highlighting the role of recombination in the evolution of NoVs. Detection of new NoV strains, not only GII.4 strains, shortly after their first detection in other parts of the world shows that many NoV strains can spread rapidly.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotypes, Recombinant Forms, and Variants of Norovirus GII.4 in Gipuzkoa (Basque Country, Spain), 2009–2012

et al. 2014

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“…Our results highlight the need to apply molecular diagnostic tools widely to determine the actual etiology of acute childhood enteritis when the causative agent is not known. This procedure enabled us to define the real prevalence of NoV infection and its frequent occurrence in association with another etiologic agent (18.2%), as reported ( 2 , 11 ). The protracted duration of virus shedding reported both in HRV and NoV infections makes it difficult to attribute the main clinical role to one or the other as either may well represent asymptomatic shedding after an early infection ( 15 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The introduction of the reverse transcription–PCR (RT-PCR) method defined the relevant role of these agents in outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis throughout the world and showed the broad heterogeneity and rapid evolution of NoV strains ( 2 – 5 ). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Noroviruses (NoVs) were the first viruses to be clearly associated with acute gastroenteritis, but for many years, knowledge of their role in infection and disease has been limited ( 1 ). The introduction of the reverse transcription–PCR (RT-PCR) method defined the relevant role of these agents in outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis throughout the world and showed the broad heterogeneity and rapid evolution of NoV strains ( 2 – 5 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Norovirus and Gastroenteritis in Hospitalized Children, Italy

Colomba

Saporito

Giammanco

et al. 2007

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…Each month, specimens were sent to the reference laboratory (Viral Gastroenteritis Unit, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain). A 10% suspension in 0.1 mol/L phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2) was prepared and tested by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR for rotavirus, astrovirus, norovirus, and sapovirus ( 11 , 15 , 16 ) and by an immunochromatographic method for enteric adenoviruses ( 14 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%