Survey and assessment of metals distribution in the overlying water of the representative lake and rivers in Zhenjiang, China

Abstract

In the current study, overlying water samples were collected from 21 sampling sites in representative lake and rivers in Zhenjiang, China, during winter and summer. The concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were determined, and the pollution index was assessed using single-factor and Nemerow pollution indices. Results showed that (1) the average

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“…The most widely used method for calculating contamination and/or pollution indexes is the Nemerow pollution index, which includes a single pollution index for a particular heavy metal (P i ) and a comprehensive pollution index (P n ) (Dadzie et al 2020;Yan et al 2016). The single-factor index reflects the contamination degree of every metal, while the P n reflects the overall effect of all metals on water quality.…”

“…where P i represents the single-factor index, C i is the measured concentration of metals in water, and S i is the standard value for the aquatic body as the organisms' habitat as proposed by different guidelines (ESM 2). The single-factor pollution in-dex is categorized into five grades, where P i ≤ 1 represents nonpolluted water, 1 < P i ≤ 2 signifies slight pollution, 2 < P i ≤ 3 indicates mild pollution, 3 < P i ≤ 5 represents moderate pollution, and P i ≥ 5 indicates heavy pollution (Dadzie et al 2020).…”

“…The P i and P n have been broadly used to evaluate the heavy metal contamination in water and sediment. For example, Zhong et al (2015) employed these two risk assessment models to determine the heavy metal contamination in groundwater for drinking purposes, Dadzie et al (2020) applied these indexes to determine the contami-nation status of water from lake and rivers, and Zhang et al (2017) used these indexes to evaluate the heavy metal con-tamination of marine reserve waters. Furthermore, many au-thors have used the P i and P n indexes to evaluate heavy metal contamination in sediment (Asare-Donkor et al 2018;Yavar Ashayeri and Keshavarzi 2019;Mirza et al 2019;Yan et al 2016).…”