Survey of Aerobic and Anaerobic Blood Cultures in Free-Ranging Western Ratsnakes (Pantherophis obsoletus)

Waugh, Lynnette; Ramachandran, Akhilesh; Talent, Scott; Cole, Gretchen A.; D'Agostino, Jennifer

doi:10.5818/1529-9651-27.1-2.44

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Studies targeting the systemic dissemination of the fungus are needed to evaluate associations between cutaneous and visceral infection. Similarly, hematogenous fungal spread could be confirmed with ad hoc investigations using blood culture , a method already used for other purposes in serpentes (Waugh et al 2017). Furthermore, complete necropsy and histopathology of all organs should be performed to detect Oo in the tissues.…”

Section: Discussion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ophidiomyces ophidiicola detection and infection: a global review on a potential threat to the world’s snake populations

Nicola

Coppari²,

Notomista³

et al. 2022

Eur J Wildl Res

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Ophidiomyces ophidiicola (Oo) is one of the most relevant fungal pathogens for snakes. It is the etiological agent of ophidiomycosis, an emerging disease causing dysecdysis, skin abnormalities, crusting cutaneous lesions, and ulcerations. Despite this major tegumentary “tropism”, Oo infection can be systemic and it is capable of inducing visceral lesions. Moreover, ophidiomycosis may lead to abnormalities of reproductive physiology, hunting behavior, and thermoregulation, thus increasing the risks of sublethal effects and predation on affected snakes. Oo seems horizontally transmitted and can induce postnatal mortality. This article reviews published data on Oo detection and infection in all snake species in countries around the world and categorizes these data using new classification parameters. The presence of this fungus has been recorded in 11 states (considering the USA as a whole); however, in four states, the mycosis has only been reported in snakes held in captivity. Detection and/or infection of Oo has been ascertained in 62 snake species, divided into nine families. The taxa have been categorized with diagnostic criteria in order to report, for each species, the highest rank of categorization resulting from all cases. Therefore, 20 species have been included within the class “Ophidiomycosis and Oo shedder”, 11 within “Ophidiomycosis”, 16 in “Apparent ophidiomycosis”, and 15 within “Ophidiomyces ophidiicola present”. We also discuss the significance and limits of case classifications and Oo’s impact on wild populations, and we suggest methods for preliminary surveillance. Standardized methods, interdisciplinary studies, and cooperation between various research institutions may facilitate further Oo screening studies, elucidate the unclear aspects of the disease, and protect ophidiofauna from this emerging threat at the global level.

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Section: Discussion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ophidiomyces ophidiicola detection and infection: a global review on a potential threat to the world’s snake populations

Nicola

Coppari²,

Notomista³

et al. 2022

Eur J Wildl Res

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“…Blood cultures may be performed although care should be taken in interpreting results; especially if small volumes of blood are used. One study in western ratsnakes isolated bacteria such as Morganella morganii, Citrobacter freuundii and Proteus in blood cultures from apparently healthy snakes (Waugh et al 2017). However, a heavy pure growth of a single bacterial species along with white blood cell changes may be suggestive of sepsis, although sometimes the reptile is too debilitated to mount an effective immune response.…”

Section: Sepsismentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic stewardship for reptiles

Hedley

Whitehead

Munns³

et al. 2021

J of Small Animal Practice

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This review discusses the general principles underlying responsible antibiotic usage in reptiles.Very little evidence underlies antibiotic usage in reptiles, and there are no published guidelines for responsible antibiotic usage. A literature search was performed to review the evidence for bacterial involvement in the pathology of selected common diseases of reptiles, allowing the development of recommendations for responsible antibiotic treatment of those diseases.

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Retrospective Analysis of Blood Cultures and Their Association With Clinical Findings and Outcome in Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia Mydas) at a Florida Sea Turtle Rehabilitation Facility, 2017–2020

Glassman,

Zachariah

2024

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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Survey of Aerobic and Anaerobic Blood Cultures in Free-Ranging Western Ratsnakes (Pantherophis obsoletus)

Cited by 6 publications

References 15 publications

Ophidiomyces ophidiicola detection and infection: a global review on a potential threat to the world’s snake populations

Ophidiomyces ophidiicola detection and infection: a global review on a potential threat to the world’s snake populations

Antibiotic stewardship for reptiles

Retrospective Analysis of Blood Cultures and Their Association With Clinical Findings and Outcome in Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia Mydas) at a Florida Sea Turtle Rehabilitation Facility, 2017–2020

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