Survey of Culturable Airborne Bacteria at Four Diverse Locations in Oregon: Urban, Rural, Forest, and Coastal

Shaffer, Brenda T.; Lighthart, Bruce

doi:10.1007/s002489900046

Cited by 242 publications

(214 citation statements)

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“…The nocturnal elevation of the concentrations of the other fungal spore clusters is consistent with the literature, which reports some kinds of active fungal spore emissions at night when the relative humidity is high (Després et al, 2012;Elbert et al, 2007;Gabey et al, 2010). The nocturnal elevation of the bacteria clusters is inconsistent with previous bacteria measurements, which tend to show peak culturable bacteria concentrations during the day (Shaffer and Lighthart, 1997 FL1 280 5 ± 3.8 30 ± 2.1 2087 ± 0.0 1124 ± 0.6 86 ± 1.5 2110 ± 0.0 FL2 280 98 ± 1.4 702 ± 0.5 1486 ± 0.3 518 ± 0.5 1849 ± 0.2 2055 ± 0.0 FL2 370 80 ± 1.3 620 ± 0.5 492 ± 0.6 119 ± 0.9 1893 ± 0.1 1822 ± 0.1 D O (µm) 1.6 ± 1.6 2.1 ± 2.0 3.5 ± 1.4 2.4 ± 1.5 2.8 ± 1.8 4.9 ± 1.4 AF 8.6 ± 2.0 9.5 ± 2.3 20.6 ± 1.8 15.6 ± 1.9 12.3 ± 3.5 26.8 ± 1.8 # 7934 384 138 92 91 27 are missed by off-line techniques, or insensitive to smaller bacteria aerosols which are detected on filters. It is also possible that these clusters represent some non-bacteria aerosol type which has yet to be characterised using the WIBS.…”

Section: Cluster Analysis Of Two Ambient Wibs Data Setssupporting

confidence: 62%

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Cluster analysis of WIBS single-particle bioaerosol data

et al. 2013

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?? Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 LicenseHierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis was performed on single-particle multi-spatial data sets comprising optical diameter, asymmetry and three different ???uorescence measurements, gathered using two dual Wideband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensors (WIBSs). The technique is demonstrated on measurements of various ???uorescent and non-???uorescent polystyrene latex spheres (PSL) before being applied to two separate contemporaneous ambient WIBSdata sets recorded in a forest site in Colorado, USA, as part of the BEACHON-RoMBAS project. Cluster analysis results between both data sets are consistent. Clusters are tentatively interpreted by comparison of concentration time series and cluster average measurement values to the published literature (of which there is a paucity) to represent the following: non-???uorescent accumulation mode aerosol; bacterial agglomerates; and fungal spores. To our knowledge, this is the ???rst time cluster analysis has been applied to long-term online primary biological aerosol particle (PBAP) measurements. The novel application of this clustering technique provides a means for routinely reducing WIBS data to discrete concentration time series which are more easily interpretable, without the need for any a priori assumptions concerning the expected aerosol types. It can reduce the level of subjectivity compared to the more standard analysis approaches, which are typically performed by simple inspection of various ensemble data products. It also has the advantage of potentially resolving less populous or subtly different particle types. This technique is likely to become more robust in the future as ???uorescence-based aerosol instrumentation measurement precision, dynamic range and the number of available metrics are improved

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Section: Cluster Analysis Of Two Ambient Wibs Data Setssupporting

confidence: 62%

“…The nocturnal increase seen in the other fungal spores and bacteria clusters may also be due to the collapse of the nocturnal boundary layer if sources are local . A full interpretation of the time series of these clusters, plus cluster gradient flux estimates, will be presented in Robinson et al (2013).…”

Section: Cluster Analysis Of Two Ambient Wibs Data Setsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cluster analysis of WIBS single-particle bioaerosol data

et al. 2013

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“…In air samples taken from various locations in Oregon, for example, the frequency of Bacillus among all cultured bacteria was 41.7 % from forest air samples, 13.6 % from coastal samples, 45.2 % from urban samples and 25.8-41.7 % from rural samples (Shaffer & Lighthart, 1997).…”

Section: Bridges In the Skymentioning

confidence: 97%

The Geobacillus paradox: why is a thermophilic bacterial genus so prevalent on a mesophilic planet?

2014

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The genus Geobacillus comprises endospore-forming obligate thermophiles. These bacteria have been isolated from cool soils and even cold ocean sediments in anomalously high numbers, given that the ambient temperatures are significantly below their minimum requirement for growth. Geobacilli are active in environments such as hot plant composts, however, and examination of their genome sequences reveals that they are endowed with a battery of sensors, transporters and enzymes dedicated to hydrolysing plant polysaccharides. Although they appear to be relatively minor members of the plant biomass-degrading microbial community, Geobacillus bacteria have achieved a significant population with a worldwide distribution, probably in large part due to adaptive features of their spores. First, their morphology and resistance properties enable them to be mobilized in the atmosphere and transported long distances. Second, their longevity, which in theory may be extreme, enables them to lie quiescent but viable for long periods of time, accumulating gradually over time to achieve surprisingly high population densities. Introduction: an environmental enigmaGeobacillus bacteria are rod-shaped, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, endospore-forming microbes. Depending on the strain, the temperature range for growth can extend as low as 35 u C or as high as 80 u C. But for most isolates, temperatures between about 45 and 70 u C are required (Nazina et al., 2001). These characteristics make Geobacillus bacteria (geobacilli) attractive to the biotechnology industry as sources of thermostable enzymes (de Champdoré et al., 2007; Karagüler et al., 2007), as platforms for biofuel production (Cripps et al., 2009;Taylor et al., 2009) and as potential components of bioremediation strategies (Markossian et al., 2000;Obojska et al., 2002;Perfumo et al., 2007). Obligate thermophiles, however, face a significant challenge outside the lab: they must survive on a planet with an average annual land surface temperature that has only ranged between 7 and 10 uC over the past three centuries (Rohde et al., 2013). It would be logical to assume, then, that Geobacillus would only be found in substantial numbers in the warmest regions of the planet, such as equatorial deserts or naturally occurring geothermal and hydrothermal hotspots. The truth, however, is rather more complicated.As Fig. 1 illustrates, people have been able to detect Geobacillus nearly everywhere they have thought to look. (This figure is based on a survey of 146 mostly recent references describing the isolation of Geobacillus in natural or human-made environments; for full details, see Table S1, available in Microbiology Online.) One can see at a glance that these bacteria have been isolated from sources on all seven continents as well as the Pacific Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. What may not be obvious from a twodimensional map is that there has been much diversity in the third dimension as well. Geobacillus has been isolated from the Bolivian Andes at an altitude of 3653 m (Ma...

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“…For example, Shaffer and Lighthart (1997) found that culturable bacteria concentrations at urban, rural, forest, and coastal sites ranged from only about 0.06 to 1 colony-forming units per liter. Total bacteria at a rural site were found to have concentrations from about 10 to 100 per liter (Tong and Lighthart 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-Particle Fluorescence Spectrometer for Ambient Aerosols

Pan

Hartings

Pinnick

et al. 2003

Aerosol Science and Technology

109

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A fluorescence particle spectrometer (FPS) for real-time measurement of the fluorescence spectra of aerosol particles in the size range 1-10 µm diameter is reported. The prototype FPS has a sufficiently high sample rate (from 5 to 28 l/min for 3.5 µm to 11 µm diameter particles) to measure aerosol within buildings at practical rates (from 1 up to 600 particle fluorescence spectra per minute). Previously reported bioaerosol prototype detectors for measurement of single particle spectra (Pan et al., Opt. Lett., 24, 116-118 (1999); Hill et al., Field Anal. Chem. Tech., 3, 221-239 (1999)) were unable to sample the ambient environment; air containing particles had to be forced under pressure into a sample cell. In addition, sample rates were so small (less than 0.01 l/min) as to be impractical for most applications. The present design overcomes these deficiencies by the use of an airtight cell that highly concentrates micrometer-sized particles. A virtual impactor first concentrates aerosol particles, which are then drawn under negative pressure through an aerodynamic focusing nozzle in the inlet of the instrument, through the sample region, providing further concentration. The rate of particle spectra measured by the FPS increases significantly when the particle inlet is within a few meters of some common sources of indoor biological particles, e.g., a person coughing, sneezing, or rubbing his skin, or the presence of a dog. The spectra obtained have a variety of spectral shapes. The FPS may be useful in a variety of areas, e.g., in studying and monitoring airborne particles that cause diseases or allergies.

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Survey of Culturable Airborne Bacteria at Four Diverse Locations in Oregon: Urban, Rural, Forest, and Coastal

Cited by 242 publications

References 13 publications

Cluster analysis of WIBS single-particle bioaerosol data

Cluster analysis of WIBS single-particle bioaerosol data

The Geobacillus paradox: why is a thermophilic bacterial genus so prevalent on a mesophilic planet?

Single-Particle Fluorescence Spectrometer for Ambient Aerosols

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