Survey of Parasites and Bacterial Pathogens from Free-Living Waterfowl in Zoological Settings

Fallacara, Dawn M.; Monahan, Clifton M.; Morishita, Teresa Y.; Bremer, Catherine A.; Wack, Raymond F.

doi:10.1637/7185-032904r

Cited by 33 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Our results indicate that for several sites, data from one year could not predict prevalence or strain types for the following year. However, for the two sites that were C. Similar to previous reports, all campylobacter isolates were C. jejuni and were susceptible to a panel of antibiotics (Fallacara et al, 2001(Fallacara et al, , 2004. A study of river water and waterfowl in Canada revealed that C. jejuni was the most frequently isolated Campylobacter species and also described recovery of Campylobacter lari from fecal samples of Canada Geese (Van Dyke et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Campylobacter jejuni has been recovered from healthy waterfowl (Pacha et al, 1988;Fallacara et al, 2001Fallacara et al, , 2004Abulreesh et al, 2006;Van Dyke et al, 2010), but genotyping has failed to yield clear links to human campylobacteriosis (Fallacara et al, 2001(Fallacara et al, , 2004Wahlströ m et al, 2003;Abulreesh et al, 2006). However, in 1994 and 1995, large outbreaks of campylobacteriosis (approximately 1,000 people) in Norway were attributed to drinking water sources contaminated with C. jejuni from the feces of Pink-footed Geese (Anser brachyrhynchus; Varslot et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Campylobacter From Resident Canada Geese in an Urban Environment

Rutledge

Siletzky

et al. 2013

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Waterfowl are natural reservoirs for zoonotic pathogens, and abundant resident (nonmigratory) Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) in urban and suburban environments pose the potential for transmission of Campylobacter through human contact with fecal deposits and contaminated water. In June 2008 and July 2009, we collected 318 fecal samples from resident Canada Geese at 21 locations in and around Greensboro, North Carolina, to test for Campylobacter. All campylobacter species detected were C. jejuni isolates, and prevalences in 2008 and 2009 were 5.0% and 16.0%, respectively. Prevalence of C. jejuni-positive sampling sites was 21% (3/14) and 40% (6/15) in 2008 and 2009, respectively. All C. jejuni isolates were susceptible to a panel of six antimicrobial agents (tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin). We used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and flatyping to identify several strain types among these isolates. Multilocus sequence typing of representative isolates revealed six sequence types, of which two (ST-3708 and ST-4368) were new, two (ST-702 and ST-4080) had been detected previously among C. jejuni from geese, and two (ST-991 and ST-4071) were first reported in C. jejuni from an environmental water source and a human illness, respectively. These results indicate a diverse population of antibiotic-susceptible C. jejuni in resident Canada Geese in and around Greensboro, North Carolina, and suggest a need for additional assessment of the public health risk associated with resident Canada Geese in urban and suburban areas.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Campylobacter From Resident Canada Geese in an Urban Environment

Rutledge

Siletzky

et al. 2013

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…P. multocida is a common commensal or opportunistic pathogen found in the upper respiratory tracts of most livestock, domestic, and wild animals (34), including chickens (126)(127)(128)(129)(130)(131), turkeys (132,133), and other wild birds (123,(134)(135)(136)(137)(138)(139)(140)(141)(142)(143)(144), cattle and bison (121,(145)(146)(147), swine (34, 148-151), rabbits (152)(153)(154), dogs (41, [155][156][157], cats (domestic house cats as well as large wild cats, such as tigers, leopards, cougars, and lions) (39, 42-46, 49, 157-166), goats (125,139,167,168), chimpanzees (169), marine mammals (seals, sea lions, and walruses) (170), and even komodo dragons (171,172). The manifestation and pathological symptoms associated with Pasteurella infection, or "pasteurellosis," range from asymptomatic or mild chronic upper respiratory inflammation to acute, often fatal, pneumonic and/or disseminated disease.…”

Section: Pasteurella Disease In Animals Pasteurellosis Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

Pasteurella multocida: from Zoonosis to Cellular Microbiology

2013

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SUMMARY In a world where most emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in nature and our contacts with both domestic and wild animals abound, there is growing awareness of the potential for human acquisition of animal diseases. Like other Pasteurellaceae , Pasteurella species are highly prevalent among animal populations, where they are often found as part of the normal microbiota of the oral, nasopharyngeal, and upper respiratory tracts. Many Pasteurella species are opportunistic pathogens that can cause endemic disease and are associated increasingly with epizootic outbreaks. Zoonotic transmission to humans usually occurs through animal bites or contact with nasal secretions, with P. multocida being the most prevalent isolate observed in human infections. Here we review recent comparative genomics and molecular pathogenesis studies that have advanced our understanding of the multiple virulence mechanisms employed by Pasteurella species to establish acute and chronic infections. We also summarize efforts being explored to enhance our ability to rapidly and accurately identify and distinguish among clinical isolates and to control pasteurellosis by improved development of new vaccines and treatment regimens.

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“…Pathogenic E. coli and Campylobacter, Salmonella, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium spp. occur in bird feces (11,18,19,42) and can infect domestic poultry and humans (27, 41) and contaminate shellfish (1). Bird feces are also a source of antibiotic resistance genes (34,39,50).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Markers for Rapid PCR-Based Identification of Gull, Canada Goose, Duck, and Chicken Fecal Contamination in Water

Green

Dick

Gilpin

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

149

124

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Avian feces contaminate waterways but contribute fewer human pathogens than human sources. Rapid identification and quantification of avian contamination would therefore be useful to prevent overestimation of human health risk. We used subtractive hybridization of PCR-amplified gull fecal 16S RNA genes to identify avian-specific fecal rRNA gene sequences. The subtracters were rRNA genes amplified from human, dog, cat, cow, and pig feces. Recovered sequences were related to Enterobacteriaceae (47%), Helicobacter (26%), Catellicoccus (11%), Fusobacterium (11%), and Campylobacter (5%). Three PCR assays, designated GFB, GFC, and GFD, were based on recovered sequence fragments. Quantitative PCR assays for GFC and GFD were developed using SYBR green. GFC detected down to 0.1 mg gull feces/100 ml (corresponding to 2 gull enterococci most probable number [MPN]/100 ml). GFD detected down to 0.1 mg chicken feces/100 ml (corresponding to 13 Escherichia coli MPN/100 ml). GFB and GFC were 97% and 94% specific to gulls, respectively. GFC cross-reacted with 35% of sheep samples but occurred at about 100,000 times lower concentrations in sheep. GFD was 100% avian specific and occurred in gulls, geese, chickens, and ducks. In the United States, Canada, and New Zealand, the three markers differed in their geographic distributions but were found across the range tested. These assays detected four important bird groups contributing to fecal contamination of waterways: gulls, geese, ducks, and chickens. Marker distributions across North America and in New Zealand suggest that they will have broad applicability in other parts of the world as well. Contamination from gulls, Canada geese, ducks, and other birds negatively impacts water quality (5, 16, 24, 33a, 49, 56). Their feces are sources of fecal coliforms, enterococci, and Escherichia coli, and their presence is correlated with elevated fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and beach closures (2,22,23,38). Pathogenic E. coli and Campylobacter, Salmonella, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium spp. occur in bird feces (11,18,19,42) and can infect domestic poultry and humans (27, 41) and contaminate shellfish (1). Bird feces are also a source of antibiotic resistance genes (34,39,50). Recently, because of avian influenza, concerns have risen about pathogen movement due to bird migration (8,10,17,28,30).Although pathogens occur in bird feces, exposure to bird feces is considered less harmful to humans than exposure to other sources of fecal contaminants, especially that of humans (43, 51). For example, molecular evidence indicates that genotypes of certain parasites in birds, such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium, are host adapted and cannot cross-infect among different hosts (20, 57). The relative human health risks of bird and human fecal contamination will be more amenable to measurement once reliable methods are developed to distinguish them quantitatively. The ability to rapidly identify and quantify fecal contamination from birds will improve our ability to estimate human health risk from conta...

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Survey of Parasites and Bacterial Pathogens from Free-Living Waterfowl in Zoological Settings

Cited by 33 publications

References 32 publications

Characterization of Campylobacter From Resident Canada Geese in an Urban Environment

Characterization of Campylobacter From Resident Canada Geese in an Urban Environment

Pasteurella multocida: from Zoonosis to Cellular Microbiology

Genetic Markers for Rapid PCR-Based Identification of Gull, Canada Goose, Duck, and Chicken Fecal Contamination in Water

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