Survey of Parasitoids of Whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Cassava Growing Regions of Colombia and Ecuador

Abstract

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Bemisia: Bionomics and Management of a Global Pest

“…mundus in Uganda (Otim et al 2005); two strains of En. Influences of plant species, location, seasons, and climate on parasitism rates and on the species complex of B. tabaci parasitoids in field crops were also demonstrated (e.g., López-Ávila et al 2001;Ryckewaert and Alauzet 2002;Vázquez 2002;Otoidobiga et al 2004;Naranjo et al 2004a;Sharma et al 2004;Trujillo et al 2004;Leite et al 2005;Numes et al 2006;Otim et al 2006;). desantisi Viggiani, En.…”

A geographic distribution database of the Neotropical cassava whitefly complex (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) and their associated parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera)

“…2) Records documented during the “Biological Control of Whiteflies by Indigenous Natural Enemies for Major Food Crops in the Neotropics Projects” and participation in “Global Whitefly IPM Project” led by CIAT, (INIAP)Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias , (CENIAP)Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias , Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), The University of Florida and Corporación Colombiana de Investigacion Agropecuaria (Corpoica) (CIAT 1995, 2002, Bellotti et al 1996, 1999, 2000, 2005, Bellotti 2001, Arias and Bellotti 2002, CIAT et al 1998, Castillo 1996, López-Ávila et al 2001, Hernandez and Bellotti 2002, Holguín et al 2002, Hernández et al 2004, 2009, Trujillo et al 2004, Herrera et al 2006; 95.7% records, between 1990-2007).…”

“…The single most abundant whitefly species per disc was identified and individuals not belonging to that species were eliminated by puncturing them with a needle. The disc samples were then individually placed in 25-ml glass vials and held for 2–3 days at 24.5 ± 4 °C and 70 ± 5% relative humidity under laboratory conditions until parasitoids emerged (Bellotti et al 1999, 2000, Trujillo et al 2004). The second method corresponds to opportunistic collections during routine farm visits by CIAT personnel, when leaves infested with whitefly pupae would be collected in vials with 70% alcohol and submitted to the CIATARC for subsequent identification (Herrera et al 2006).…”

“…Some of them are notorious pests of cassava ( Manihot esculenta ), a primary food crop in the tropics (Lebot 2009). Particularly destructive is a complex of Neotropical cassava whiteflies whose distribution remains restricted to their native range (Trujillo et al 2004, Bellotti et al 2005). Despite their importance, neither their distribution, nor that of their associated parasitoids, is well documented (Evans 2008, Aliaga 2012, da Silva Alonso et al 2012, Pietrowski et al 2014, Silva et al 2014, Plantwise 2015 and Global Biodiversity Information Facility 2015).…”

Survey on whiteflies and their parasitoids in cassava mosaic pandemic areas of Tanzania using morphological and molecular techniques

“…Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) comprise some of the key insect pests and major constraints to cassava production. In South America, 13 whitefly species are known to colonise cassava, among which Bemisia tuberculata Bondar, Trialeurodes variabilis Quantaince and Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar are the predominant species . Bemisia tuberculata transmits viruses associated with diseases such as cassava frog skin disease and common cassava mosaic disease .…”