Survey of the prevalence of <i>Salmonella</i> species on commercial laying farms in the United Kingdom

Snow, L. C.; Davies, Rob; Christiansen, K. H.; Carrique-Mas, Juan; Wales, Andrew; O’Connor, Jacqueline; Cook, A. J. C.; Evans, S. J.

doi:10.1136/vr.161.14.471

Cited by 81 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…During our study, variabilities between the detected prevalence and shedding were observed between flocks and farms. This observation is in agreement with previous reports (13,16). There are numerous reports on the effects of the housing system on the shedding of Salmonella spp.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Dynamics of Salmonella Shedding and Welfare of Hens in Free-Range Egg Production Systems

Gole

Woodhouse

Caraguel

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The current study investigated the effect of environmental stressors (i.e., weather changes) on Salmonella shedding in free-range production systems and the correlations with behavioral and physiological measures (i.e., fecal glucocorticoid metabolites). This involved longitudinal and point-in-time surveys of Salmonella shedding and environmental contamination on four commercial free-range layer farms. The shedding of Salmonella was variable across free-range farms and in different seasons. There was no significant effect of season on the Salmonella prevalence during this investigation. In this study, the combined Salmonella most probable number (MPN) counts in environmental (including feces, egg belt, dust, nest box, and ramp) samples were highest in samples collected during the summer season (4th sampling, performed in February). The predominant serovars isolated during this study were Salmonella enterica serovar Mbandaka and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium phage types 135 and 135a. These two phage types were involved in several egg product-related Salmonella outbreaks in humans. Multilocus variablenumber tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) results indicated that MLVA types detected from human food poisoning cases exhibited MLVA patterns similar to the strains isolated during this study. All Salmonella isolates (n ϭ 209) were tested for 15 different genes involved in adhesion, invasion, and survival of Salmonella spp. We also observed variations for sopA, ironA, and misL. There were no positive correlations between fecal corticosterone metabolite (FCM) and Salmonella prevalence and/or shedding in feces. Also, there were no positive correlations between Salmonella prevalence and Salmonella count (log MPN) and any of the other welfare parameters.IMPORTANCE In this study, the welfare of laying hens and Salmonella shedding were compared over a prolonged period of time in field conditions. This study investigated the long-term shedding of Salmonella serovars in a free-range egg production system. Given that there is increasing demand for free-range eggs, it is essential to understand the risks associated with such a production system.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Dynamics of Salmonella Shedding and Welfare of Hens in Free-Range Egg Production Systems

Gole

Woodhouse

Caraguel

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Poultry is considered the single largest reservoir of S. Enteritidis and most risk attribution studies have identified poultry and poultry products as the major source of human infection. S. Enteritidis is passed to humans mainly via handling and consumption of contaminated poultry meat and eggs (De Buck et al, 2004;Kimura et al, 2004;Little et al, 2008;Marcus et al, 2004;Patrick et al, 2004;Snow et al, 2007). For instance, eggs and egg-containing products were implicated as primary vehicles of S. Enteritidis Abbreviations: MLVA, multi-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis; PI, post-infection; SPI, Salmonella pathogenicity island; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; TTSS, type III secretion system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell invasion of poultry-associated Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates is associated with pathogenicity, motility and proteins secreted by the type III secretion system

et al. 2011

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Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is a major cause of food-borne gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Poultry and poultry products are considered the major vehicles of transmission to humans. Using cell invasiveness as a surrogate marker for pathogenicity, we tested the invasiveness of 53 poultry-associated isolates of S. Enteritidis in a well-differentiated intestinal epithelial cell model (Caco-2). The method allowed classification of the isolates into low (n57), medium (n518) and high (n530) invasiveness categories. Cell invasiveness of the isolates did not correlate with the presence of the virulence-associated gene spvB or the ability of the isolates to form biofilms. Testing of representative isolates with high and low invasiveness in a mouse model revealed that the former were more invasive in vivo and caused more and earlier mortalities, whereas the latter were significantly less invasive in vivo, causing few or no mortalities. Further characterization of representative isolates with low and high invasiveness showed that most of the isolates with low invasiveness had impaired motility and impaired secretion of either flagella-associated proteins (FlgK, FljB and FlgL) or type III secretion system (TTSS)-secreted proteins (SipA and SipD) encoded on Salmonella pathogenicity island-1. In addition, isolates with low invasiveness had impaired ability to invade and/or survive within chicken macrophages. These data suggest that not all isolates of S. Enteritidis recovered from poultry may be equally pathogenic, and that the pathogenicity of S. Enteritidis isolates is associated, in part, with both motility and secretion of TTSS effector proteins. INTRODUCTIONSalmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is the leading cause of food-borne salmonellosis (WHO, 2008). S. Enteritidis-induced salmonellosis in humans is characterized by diarrhoea, fever, headache, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting (CDC, 2007). S. Enteritidis is also increasingly reported from cases of invasive and extra-intestinal infections such as septicaemia, arthritis, endocarditis, meningitis and urinary tract infections (Ghosh & Vogt, 2006; Gordon et al., 2008;Katsenos et al., 2008; Kobayashi et al., 2009;Morpeth et al., 2009;Mutlu et al., 2009;Tena et al., 2007). Between 1990 and 2001, the US state and territorial health departments reported 677 S. Enteritidis outbreaks, which accounted for 23 366 illnesses, 1988 hospitalizations and 33 deaths (CDC, 2003). In 2006, countries within the European Union reported 1729 outbreaks caused by S. Enteritidis leading to 13 853 illnesses, 2714 hospitalizations and 14 deaths (EFSA, 2007). The Health Protection Agency of the UK reported 4194 cases of foodborne S. Enteritidis infection in (HPA, 2008. Poultry is considered the single largest reservoir of S. Enteritidis and most risk attribution studies have identified poultry and poultry products as the major source of human infection. S. Enteritidis is passed to humans mainly via handling and consumption of contaminated po...

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“…SE remains most strongly associated with poultry and poultry products. ST has a wide host range, including poultry, cattle, sheep and pigs [8][9][10]. In the UK, ST was found in about 14% of slaughter pigs in a European baseline abattoir survey [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis in England: costs to patients, their families, and primary and community health services of the NHS

Santos

Roberts²,

Cook

et al. 2010

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYThis is the first study comparing societal costs of acute illness with Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) and Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in the UK. It included the cost and severity of the illness and explored the impact of each Salmonella serovar on the patients, their families, the NHS, and the wider economy. The study ascertained confirmed cases of ST and SE between July and November 2008. The mean costs per case were £1282 (ST) and £993 (SE). The indirect costs associated with the work-time lost by the case, parents, or carers were £409 (ST) and £228 (SE) ; this difference was statistically significant. The aggregate cost of ST and SE identified using laboratory test results for the UK as a whole was estimated as £6.5 million. Work-time lost and caring activities are cost categories that are not frequently investigated within the infectious intestinal disease literature, although they represent an important societal cost.

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Survey of the prevalence of Salmonella species on commercial laying farms in the United Kingdom

Cited by 81 publications

References 20 publications

Dynamics of Salmonella Shedding and Welfare of Hens in Free-Range Egg Production Systems

Dynamics of Salmonella Shedding and Welfare of Hens in Free-Range Egg Production Systems

Cell invasion of poultry-associated Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates is associated with pathogenicity, motility and proteins secreted by the type III secretion system

Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis in England: costs to patients, their families, and primary and community health services of the NHS

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