Survey on Optical Wireless Communications-Based Services Applied to the Tourism Industry: Potentials and Challenges

Abstract

In this paper, we explore the potential applications of Optical Wireless Communications in the tourism industry, considering both indoor and outdoor scenarios and different transmission speeds. They range from high-speed atmospheric outdoor links (Free-Space Optics (FSO)) to indoor systems based on high-speed lighting networks (known under the trade name LiFi©) or low-speed services support the Internet of Things networks, using visible light (VLC) or IR emitters, with receivers based on either on classical photodiodes or in image sensors, known as Optical Camera Communications. The avant-garde applications of this technology have been studied focusing on three possible use scenarios: the traveler himself, in what we have called TAN (Tourist Area Network); the tourist facility, which includes not only the hotel but also leisure areas (theme parks, museums, natural protected areas) or services (restaurants, shopping areas, etc.); and the entire destination, which can be both the city or the territory where the tourist is received, within the paradigm of the Smart Tourist Destination (STD). In addition to the classic services based on radio frequency and wired broadband networks, these technologies will make it possible to meet the tourist’s challenging needs, the establishment, and the destination. Besides, they cover the services imposed by the new marketing services related to location or context and feed the big data systems used to study tourist behavior.

Challenges and Advances of Hydrogel-Based Wearable Electrochemical Biosensors for Real-Time Monitoring of Biofluids: From Lab to Market. A Review

“…Data communication is a critical feature of wearable biosensors because it enables the real-time transmission of collected data to an external device, such as a smartphone . Wireless communication technologies, such as near-field communication (NFC), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and Zigbee, have been widely used in wearable biosensors. NFC, a form of wireless communication in close proximity, operates within a range of about 20 cm, facilitating the concurrent transmission of both power and data .…”

The next frontier of the Internet of Behaviors: data-driven nudging in smart tourism

“…Therefore, smart tourism design supports the IoB in cocreating and connecting tourists' experiences via destination design and management (Xiang 2021) demonstrated that travelers could easily access integrated airport information, such as navigating airport facilities, obtaining recommended value-added services and enjoying special promotions via a machine-learning-driven mobile application that maps and tracks user's behavior and compares it with that of other users. Another example is Disney World Resort's MagicBand, which is a radio frequency identification (RFID) enabled wristband that consolidates visitors' park admission and hotel room access and customizes their purchase preferences (Aguiar-Castillo et al, 2021).…”

Design and Implementation of a Hybrid Optical Camera Communication System for Indoor Applications

“…On the other hand, in the rolling-shutter camera, the sampling rate is influenced by both the camera frame rate and rolling rate. VLC and LiFi have higher data rates owing to the use of photodiodes, whereas OCC has a lower data rate owing to the use of image sensors to receive the data [ 10 , 11 ]. Nevertheless, the OCC system is preferable for applications requiring environmental mobility and long-range usage.…”