“…Another area where ML algorithms are effective is in the discovery, in a bottom-up or data-driven fashion, of novel relationships in multidimensional data (Bishop 2006). This approach has demonstrated effectiveness in multiple fields (Bishop 2006, LeCun et al, 2015) ranging across financial services (e.g., stock market analysis (Lopez de Prado, 2018), fraud detection (Chalapathy et al, 2019)), clinical applications (e.g., disease diagnosis (Heinrichs et al, 2019) and progression prediction (Wang, 2019)), drug discovery (Ekins et al, 2019), robotics (Wang et al, 2019, Oshin et al, 2019), and social media (e.g., social network data analysis (Jaffali et al, 2019) and content filtering (Dada et al, 2019)). Within the broader healthcare field, one area where ML may be useful is in the discovery of biomarkers (e.g., predictors of illness development or course, see Leclerq et al, 2019).…”