Survival of Plant Pathogens in Static Piles of Ground Green Waste

Downer, A. James; Crohn, David M.; Faber, Ben; Daugovish, Oleg; Becker, J. Ole; Menge, J. A.; Mochizuki, Maren J.

doi:10.1094/phyto-98-5-0547

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, Noble et al. (2009) found survival of oospores of P. nicotianae after exposure to compost at 54°C for 7 days, and Downer et al. (2009) found survival of P. cinnamomi for up to 7 days in composting piles that reached 60°C.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential for eradication of the exotic plant pathogens Phytophthora kernoviae and Phytophthora ramorum during composting

et al. 2011

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Temperature and exposure time effects on Phytophthora kernoviae and Phytophthora ramorum viability were examined in flasks of compost and in a large-scale composting system containing plant waste. Cellophane, rhododendron leaf and peatbased inoculum of P. kernoviae and P. ramorum isolates were used in flasks; naturally infected leaves were inserted into a large-scale system. Exposures of 5 and 10 days respectively at a mean temperature of 35°C in flask and large-scale composts reduced P. kernoviae and P. ramorum inocula to below detection limits using semi-selective culturing. Although P. ramorum was undetectable after a 1-day exposure of inoculum to compost at 40°C in flasks, it survived on leaves exposed to a mean temperature of 40AE9°C for 5 days in a large-scale composting system. No survival of P. ramorum was detected after exposure of infected leaves for 5 days to a mean temperature of ‡41AE9°C (32AE8°C for P. kernoviae) or for 10 days at ‡31AE8°C (25AE9°C for Phytophthora pseudosyringae on infected bilberry stems) in large-scale systems. Fitted survival probabilities of P. ramorum on infected leaves exposed in a large-scale system for 5 days at 45°C or for 10 days at 35°C were <3%, for an average initial infection level of leaves of 59AE2%. RNA quantification to measure viability was shown to be unreliable in environments that favour RNA preservation: high levels of ITS1 RNA were recovered from P. kernoviae-and P. ramoruminfected leaves exposed to composting plant wastes at >53°C, when all culture results were negative.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential for eradication of the exotic plant pathogens Phytophthora kernoviae and Phytophthora ramorum during composting

et al. 2011

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“…Green waste such as tree, shrub, turfgrass and other landscape plant trimmings and weeds from home gardens and commercial landscapes is ground and used as mulch for ornamental landscapes and in avocado orchards in the USA. Downer et al . (2008) assessed survival of introduced plant pathogens in unturned piles of fresh and aged green waste which reached temperatures of 70°C and 45°C, respectively.…”

Section: Techniques For Eradication and Containment Of Plant Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techniques for the treatment, removal and disposal of host material during programmes for plant pathogen eradication

et al. 2009

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Eradication of plant pathogen incursions is very important for the protection of plant industries, managed gardens and natural environments worldwide. The consequence of a pathogen becoming endemic can be serious, in some cases having an impact on the national economy. The current strategy for eradication of a pathogen relies on techniques for the treatment, removal and disposal of affected host plants. There are many examples where these techniques have been successful but many where they have not. Success relies on a sound understanding of the biology and epidemiology of the pathogen and its interaction with the host. Removal and disposal of infected plant material for eradication and containment of plant and soil inhabiting fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens are reviewed by considering black Sigatoka of banana, apple scab, maize smut, fireblight, citrus canker and sharka disease of stone-fruit crops. In examining examples of dealing with plant pathogens and diseased host material around the world, particularly Australasia, various techniques including burning, burying, pruning, composting, soil-and biofumigation, solarization, steam sterilization and biological vector control are discussed. Gaps in the literature are identified and emphasize the insufficient detail of information available from past eradications. More effort is required to produce and publish scientific evidence to support the success or otherwise of techniques and suggestions for future research are proposed.

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“…Although many pests and pathogens might be inactivated during those sanitation processes some robust pathogens are difficult to eradicate by composting (Christensen et al 2002;Downer et al 2008;Hermann et al 1994;Hoitink and Fahy 1986;. Bollen et al (1989) state heat to be the most crucial factor for pathogen inactivation during composting even though other factors can have an effect on the pathogens as well.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of sanitation processes on survival of Synchytrium endobioticum and Globodera rostochiensis

et al. 2012

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The two quarantine pests Synchytrium endobioticum, the causal agent of potato wart disease and Globodera rostochiensis, the yellow potato cyst nematode are currently present in Germany. Winter sporangia of Synchytrium endobioticum and cysts of Globodera rostochiensis can be spread with waste from potato processing industries, if infected tubers are processed. The German Biowaste Ordinance prescribes sanitation of organic waste before it can be used on arable land as fertilizer or filling material. Sanitation parameters prescribed by the German Biowaste Ordinance include composting for 7 days at 65°C or 14 days at 55°C or pasteurisation for 60 min at 70°C. The effect of composting and pasteurisation processes on winter sporangia of Synchytrium endobioticum and cysts of Globodera rostochiensis was tested with varying timetemperature relations. Cysts of Globodera rostochiensis were killed by composting for 7 days at 50-55°C and by pasteurisation for 30 min at 70°C. In contrast, viable winter sporangia of Synchytrium endobioticum could be extracted from sample material after composting for 70 days at 30-45°C, composting for 21 days at 50-55°C and after composting for 12 days at 60-65°C. Likewise viable winter sporangia could be extracted after pasteurisation for 90 min at 70°C and heating in a water bath at 80°C and in a dry oven at 90°C for 8 h. The parameters prescribed in the German Biowaste Ordinance are sufficient to kill cysts of Globodera rostochiensis but not sufficient to kill winter sporangia of Synchytrium endobioticum in organic waste.

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Survival of Plant Pathogens in Static Piles of Ground Green Waste

Cited by 16 publications

References 23 publications

Potential for eradication of the exotic plant pathogens Phytophthora kernoviae and Phytophthora ramorum during composting

Potential for eradication of the exotic plant pathogens Phytophthora kernoviae and Phytophthora ramorum during composting

Techniques for the treatment, removal and disposal of host material during programmes for plant pathogen eradication

Effects of sanitation processes on survival of Synchytrium endobioticum and Globodera rostochiensis

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