Surviving in a warmer world: environmental and genetic responses

Donnelly, Alison; Caffarra, Amelia; Kelleher, Colin T.; O’Neill, Bridget; Diskin, E.; Pletsers, Annelies; Proctor, H.; Stirnemann, Rebecca L.; O’Halloran, John; Peñuelas, Josep; Hodkinson, Trevor R.; Sparks, Tim H.

doi:10.3354/cr01102

Cited by 48 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…[2], [5], [79], [91]–[95]. Moreover, our findings are in line with the advanced reproductive phenology of the same species grown in a common garden transplant experiment [57].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Plastic Responses to Elevated Temperature in Low and High Elevation Populations of Three Grassland Species

2014

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Local persistence of plant species in the face of climate change is largely mediated by genetic adaptation and phenotypic plasticity. In species with a wide altitudinal range, population responses to global warming are likely to differ at contrasting elevations. In controlled climate chambers, we investigated the responses of low and high elevation populations (1200 and 1800 m a.s.l.) of three nutrient-poor grassland species, Trifolium montanum, Ranunculus bulbosus, and Briza media, to ambient and elevated temperature. We measured growth-related, reproductive and phenological traits, evaluated differences in trait plasticity and examined whether trait values or plasticities were positively related to approximate fitness and thus under selection. Elevated temperature induced plastic responses in several growth-related traits of all three species. Although flowering phenology was advanced in T. montanum and R. bulbosus, number of flowers and reproductive allocation were not increased under elevated temperature. Plasticity differed between low and high elevation populations only in leaf traits of T. montanum and B. media. Some growth-related and phenological traits were under selection. Moreover, plasticities were not correlated with approximate fitness indicating selectively neutral plastic responses to elevated temperature. The observed plasticity in growth-related and phenological traits, albeit variable among species, suggests that plasticity is an important mechanism in mediating plant responses to elevated temperature. However, the capacity of species to respond to climate change through phenotypic plasticity is limited suggesting that the species additionally need evolutionary adaptation to adjust to climate change. The observed selection on several growth-related and phenological traits indicates that the study species have the potential for future evolution in the context of a warming climate.

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“…[2], [5], [79], [91]–[95]. Moreover, our findings are in line with the advanced reproductive phenology of the same species grown in a common garden transplant experiment [57].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Plastic Responses to Elevated Temperature in Low and High Elevation Populations of Three Grassland Species

2014

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“…Geographical heterogeneity in phenological responses are widespread and usually attributed to differences in environmental conditions [24,25]. Our analyses point to the importance of additionally considering how local adaptation in developmental plasticity can influence phenological responses to climate change.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Elevational differences in developmental plasticity determine phenological responses of grasshoppers to recent climate warming

et al. 2015

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Annual species may increase reproduction by increasing adult body size through extended development, but risk being unable to complete development in seasonally limited environments. Synthetic reviews indicate that most, but not all, species have responded to recent climate warming by advancing the seasonal timing of adult emergence or reproduction. Here, we show that 50 years of climate change have delayed development in high-elevation, season-limited grasshopper populations, but advanced development in populations at lower elevations. Developmental delays are most pronounced for early-season species, which might benefit most from delaying development when released from seasonal time constraints. Rearing experiments confirm that population, elevation and temperature interact to determine development time. Population differences in developmental plasticity may account for variability in phenological shifts among adults. An integrated consideration of the full life cycle that considers local adaptation and plasticity may be essential for understanding and predicting responses to climate change.

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“…Phenotypic plasticity may induce a rapid change in tree microbiota properties, in response to anthropogenic environmental change. This change may then be followed by an evolutionary change, caused by the genetic adaptation of tree populations (Donnelly et al 2012). Both mechanisms, plasticity and genetic adaptation of the tree microbiota, may allow tree populations to cope with novel, emerging pathogens; thus, a current challenge for forest pathologists is to assess their relative influence.…”

Section: Hyperparasitism Of Fungal Pathogens: a Poorly Understood Butmentioning

confidence: 99%

An evolutionary ecology perspective to address forest pathology challenges of today and tomorrow

Desprez-Loustau

Aguayo²,

Dutech

et al. 2016

Annals of Forest Science

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Abstract& Key message Increasing human impacts on forests, including unintentional movement of pathogens, climate change, and large-scale intensive plantations, are associated with an unprecedented rate of new diseases. An evolutionary ecology perspective can help address these challenges and provide direction for sustainable forest management.& Context Forest pathology has historically relied on an ecological approach to understand and address the practical management of forest diseases. A widening of this perspective to include evolutionary considerations has been increasingly developed in response to the rising rates of genetic change in both pathogen populations and tree populations due to human activities. & Aims Here, five topics for which the evolutionary perspective is especially relevant are highlighted. & Results The first relates to the evolutionary diversity of fungi and fungal-like organisms, with issues linked to the identification of species and their ecological niches. The second theme deals with the evolutionary processes that allow forest pathogens to adapt to new hosts after introductions or to become more virulent in homogeneous plantations. The third theme presents issues linked to disease resistance in tree breeding programs (e.g., growth-defense trade-offs) and proposes new criteria and methods for more durable resistance. The last two themes are dedicated to the biotic environment of the tree-pathogen system, namely, hyperparasites and tree microbiota, as possible solutions for health management. & Conclusion We conclude by highlighting three major conceptual advances brought by evolutionary biology, i.e., that (i) "not everything is everywhere", (ii) evolution of pathogen populations can occur on short time scales, and (iii) the tree is a multitrophic community. We further translate these into a framework for immediate policy recommendations and future directions for research.

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Surviving in a warmer world: environmental and genetic responses

Cited by 48 publications

References 146 publications

Plastic Responses to Elevated Temperature in Low and High Elevation Populations of Three Grassland Species

Plastic Responses to Elevated Temperature in Low and High Elevation Populations of Three Grassland Species

Elevational differences in developmental plasticity determine phenological responses of grasshoppers to recent climate warming

An evolutionary ecology perspective to address forest pathology challenges of today and tomorrow

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