Susceptibility and immune response of Deroceras reticulatum, Milax gagates and Limax pseudoflavus exposed to the slug parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita

Rae, Robbie; Robertson, Jamie; Wilson, Michael J.

doi:10.1016/j.jip.2007.07.004

Cited by 24 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…Similarly, L. valentiana is not killed by P. hermaphrodita DMG0001 (Dankowska, 2006;Ester et al, 2003b) but also is deterred by it (P<0.001). In contrast to these species, L. flavus is resistant to P. hermaphrodita DMG0001 (Rae et al, 2008) but does not avoid the nematode (Fig 1) as similar numbers of slugs were recorded in the untreated and nematode-treated halves of the boxes (P>0.05). The snail species used in this study (C. nemoralis and H. aspersa) are resistant to P. hermaphrodita DMG0001 and remain alive even when exposed to high doses of this nematode (Rae et al, 2009, Wilson et al, 2000.…”

Section: Slugs But Not Snails Avoided P Hermaphrodita Dmg0001mentioning

confidence: 82%

“…For example, L. valentiana is resistant to P. hermaphrodita DMG0001 (Dankowska, 2006;Ester et al, 2003b;) but is deterred by the nematode. Also L. flavus is resistant to P. hermaphrodita DMG0001 (Rae et al, 2008) and did not show avoidance behaviour. The snails tested (H. aspersa and C. nemoralis) did not avoid P. hermaphrodita DMG0001 but as both snails used in this study are resistant to P. hermaphrodita DMG0001 it is perhaps not surprising that these species would not avoid it (Rae et al, 2009;Wilson et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Behavioural avoidance by slugs and snails of the parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita

Wynne

Morris

Rae

2016

Biocontrol Science and Technology

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Section: Slugs But Not Snails Avoided P Hermaphrodita Dmg0001mentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Behavioural avoidance by slugs and snails of the parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita

Wynne

Morris

Rae

2016

Biocontrol Science and Technology

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“…It is likely that while under optimum growth conditions, P. hermaphrodita is not affected within this temperature range, but when the nematode is challenged by the slug's immune system, the nematodes become stressed and induced pathology markedly decreased. Little is known about slugs immune response to pathogens and parasites (South 1982), but it has been shown for example that Limax pseudoflavus, which is a slug species less susceptible to nematode infection, defends itself by laying down new shell material, thus trapping the developing nematodes (Rae et al 2008). It could also be argued that this difference results from the fact the two strains of P. hermaphrodita used in the two experiments may differ in their temperature response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasive slug pests and their parasites—temperature responses and potential implications of climate change

et al. 2015

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It is generally accepted that climate change is likely to disrupt host-parasite relationships, but little consideration has been given to how this may affect agricultural pests. Here, we study the potential influence of climate change on the pest slug Deroceras reticulatum and its nematode parasite Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita. The European slug D. reticulatum is a major pest of agriculture and has become invasive in many countries throughout the world, including the Americas, Asia and Australasia. P. hermaphrodita strongly inhibits feeding and causes mortality in host slugs. The parasite is widely distributed in the slugs' native range but is very rare in some countries where the slug is invasive, for example the USA. The influence of temperature on D. reticulatum has been studied previously but the temperature response of P. hermaphrodita is unknown. The current study showed that while host and parasite have similar optimum growth temperatures, the parasite is much less tolerant of temperatures above optimum than the host. As a result, when parasites were present, slug feeding increased significantly above the slug's optimum of 14 up to 24°C as the inhibitory effect of the parasites lessened. Conversely, in the absence of parasites, slug feeding significantly decreased over the same temperature range. This finding suggests that given adequate moisture, rising temperatures may increase slug problems in D. reticulatum's European home range, but possibly reduce problems in invasive territories such as the USA. The relationship between high temperatures and poor parasite performance is supported by studying prevalence of Phasmarhabditis spp. in the UK where a significant negative relationship exists between the mean summer high temperature and parasite prevalence.

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“…Between 1939 and 1942 billions of Steinernema glaseri nematodes were applied throughout New Jersey in an attempt to control the invasive Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica. This nematode has been studied intensively and is known to be lethal to many species of slugs from several families (Grewal et al 2003a;Rae et al 2008;Wilson et al 1993a). 5 Prevalence of truly parasitic nematodes in ten European slug species collected in the UK (a) and the USA (b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of parasite release in invasion of the USA by European slugs

et al. 2009

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Several species of European slugs are invasive in the USA, threatening native species and damaging agricultural and horticultural crops. One possible explanation for the success of these invaders is parasite release. To test this hypothesis we collected European slugs in part of their native range (United Kingdom) and in the USA and compared prevalence, distribution and species richness of their nematode parasites. All slugs were dissected and examined for the presence of nematodes. In the UK, nematodes were present at 93% of study sites and 16.4% of all slugs examined were associated with nematodes whereas in the USA the respective figures were 34% of sites and 5.4% of slugs. Nematode species richness was greater in the UK with 12 species being found, seven of which were thought to be truly parasitic as opposed to being phoretic or necromenic. Nine species of nematode were found in the USA, four of which were truly parasitic. Four of the ten European slug species examined in the USA, were entirely free of truly parasitic nematodes whereas all were infected by nematodes in some sites in the UK. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of truly parasitic nematodes in five of these species when comparing their home versus invasive range. A significant difference in parasite prevalence was observed when comparing native and introduced slug species in the USA, however, this was not significant in the UK. Our data support a role for parasite release during the invasion of the USA by European slugs.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

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Susceptibility and immune response of Deroceras reticulatum, Milax gagates and Limax pseudoflavus exposed to the slug parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita

Cited by 24 publications

References 28 publications

Behavioural avoidance by slugs and snails of the parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita

Behavioural avoidance by slugs and snails of the parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita

Invasive slug pests and their parasites—temperature responses and potential implications of climate change

The role of parasite release in invasion of the USA by European slugs

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