Susceptibility of yak (<i>Bos grunniens</i>) to copper deficiency

Clauss, Marcus; Dierenfeld, Ellen S.

doi:10.1136/vr.145.15.436

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Excess dietary protein, however, should be considered as a source of dietary sulfur, which may, through ruminal degradation of amino acids, yield insoluble CuS [Bremner and Davies, 1980], resulting in secondarily-induced Cu deficiency in this group. Similar mechanisms have been hypothesized for other ruminant species [i.e., Dierenfeld et al, 1988;Clauss and Dierenfeld, 1999].…”

Section: Mineralsmentioning

confidence: 64%

Duikers: Native food composition, micronutrient assessment, and implications for improving captive diets

2002

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This review summarizes and contrasts published information on the proximate chemical composition of native fruits and leaves eaten by duikers, and adds new data concerning the soluble carbohydrate, mineral, and tannin content of duiker foods. Information on circulating plasma concentrations of minerals and the fatsoluble vitamins A and E is also summarized in relation to free-ranging vs. zooheld duikers and differences in the nutrient content of their respective diets. In nature, duikers consume diets containing low starch (in general <0.1% of dry matter (DM)) and moderate-to-high fiber (averaging 32% DM) and protein (fruits <10%, leaves <20% DM) levels, and do not avoid foodstuffs containing tannins. Native food samples were considered low to marginal in calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) content compared with domestic ruminant dietary requirements, but Ca levels were generally two-to threefold higher than P concentrations. Diets fed to duikers in captivity are often low in fiber and tannin content, and high in starch and protein, as well as low in Ca relative to P (compared with native plants), which may lead to nutrient imbalances and health problems. Plasma alpha-tocopherol values measured in zoo duikers ranged from 0.4 to 8.3 µg/ml, and were less variable in free-ranging animals (1.7-7.0 µg/ml). Retinol values did not differ among duiker species or between sample populations, and were within normal ranges (0.2-0.7 µg/ml) expected for herbivores. Domestic hoofstock appear to be suitable physiological models for evaluating fat-soluble vitamin status, but mineral homeostasis appears to differ in duikers. Free-ranging duikers have somewhat higher Ca, and lower P concentrations compared with captive-held individuals, and inverse Ca:P ratios and copper (Cu) deficiency have been reported in captive duikers-both conditions in which captive diet may

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Section: Mineralsmentioning

confidence: 64%

Duikers: Native food composition, micronutrient assessment, and implications for improving captive diets

2002

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“…Free-ranging South American camelids (Espinoza et al, 1982;San Martin and Bryant, 1989;Karesh et al, 1998), yaks (Liu et al, 1995) and musk oxen (Blakley et al, 2000) have been shown to have low Cu, and when Zn was investigated, low Zn concentrations as well in body tissues, as compared to domestic ruminants. In captive animals, low Cu levels and Cu deficiency has been reported for South American camelids (Palmer et al, 1980;Smith, 1989;Morgan, 1992;Hastings and Gascoyne, 1992;Johnson, 1994;Bechert and Smith, 1996;Andrews and Cox, 1997;Smith et al, 1998), yaks (Clauss and Dierenfeld, 1999;Flach et al, 2003) and musk oxen (Blakley et al, 1998). Low circulating Zn levels have been observed in South Note that no male animals were affected by skin lesions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Skin lesions in alpacas and llamas with low zinc and copper status – a preliminary report

Clauss¹,

Lendl²,

Schramel

et al. 2004

The Veterinary Journal

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“…Diets of wild and domestic yaks are low in protein (about 6%) from October to May (Long 2003b;Ping et al 2002;Schaller 1998). Deficiencies of sodium (Ping et al 2002), copper (Clauss and Dierenfeld 1999;Shen et al 2006), and molybdenum (Long 2003b) and plant-induced pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning in India (Mondal et al 1999) and Bhutan (Winter et al 1993) have been noted in domestic yaks. Little is known about the specific water requirements of wild yaks, but early chroniclers noted frequent visits to mineral-rich warm springs (Przewalski 1876) and rivers (Rockhill 1894) and consumption of snow.…”

Section: Ecologymentioning

confidence: 96%