Suspected Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in two cats

Weese, J. Scott; Weese, H.; Bourdeau, Tristan; Staempfli, H. R.

doi:10.2460/javma.2001.218.1436

Cited by 38 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…In addition, all animal and human isolates displayed 39-bp deletions in tcdC, and most (45/47; 96%) were binary toxin positive. Although C. diffi cile is recognized as a cause of disease in several animal species (19)(20)(21)(22), little investigation has been conducted on the potential for interspecies transmission of C. diffi cile to humans. Previous studies have suggested the possibility of C. diffi cile transmission between humans and domestic pets (23,24), but no interspecies transmission has been documented, and few studies have examined the possible link between CDAD in food animals and humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxinotype VClostridium difficilein Humans and Food Animals

Jhung

Thompson

Killgore

et al. 2008

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

197

155

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Clostridium diffi cile is a recognized pathogen in neonatal pigs and may contribute to enteritis in calves. Toxinotype V strains have been rare causes of human C. diffi cileassociated disease (CDAD). We examined toxinotype V in human disease, the genetic relationship of animal and human toxinotype V strains, and in vitro toxin production of these strains. From 2001 through 2006, 8 (1.3%) of 620 patient isolates were identifi ed as toxinotype V; before 2001, 7 (<0.02%) of ≈6,000 isolates were identifi ed as toxinotype V. Six (46.2%) of 13 case-patients for whom information was available had community-associated CDAD. Molecular characterization showed a high degree of similarity between human and animal toxinotype V isolates; all contained a 39-bp tcdC deletion and most produced binary toxin. Further study is needed to understand the epidemiology of CDAD caused by toxinotype V C. diffi cile, including the potential of foodborne transmission to humans. R ecent evidence suggests that the epidemiology of Clostridium diffi cile-associated disease (CDAD) is increasing in incidence and severity (1-3). These changes are due, at least in part, to the emergence of a more virulent C. diffi cile strain, designated NAP1 (based on its pulsed-fi eld gel electrophoresis [PFGE] pattern), BI (by restriction endonuclease analysis [REA]), toxinotype III (by PCR characterization of the pathogenicity locus), and 027 (by PCR ribotyping) (4). However, the emergence of BI/NAP1/027 may not be solely responsible for changes in CDAD epidemiology, and the origin of this and other virulent strains is still largely unknown. C. diffi cile has also recently emerged as a pathogen or commensal in food animals such as neonatal pigs and beef and dairy calves (5-7); most of these animal isolates are toxigenic. Although several ribotypes have been identifi ed in calves, the predominant ribotype in both calves and pigs is a toxinotype V strain (8,9). Moreover, recent reports suggest that C. diffi cile strains recognized as causes of human disease may contaminate retail meats (10).To better understand whether food sources could be a source of infection for humans, we investigated recent and past human CDAD caused by toxinotype V C. diffi cile and compared isolates from these cases with those recovered from neonatal pigs and calves. We documented apparent changes in the frequency with which these toxinotype V strains cause human CDAD and compared the molecular characterization and toxin production of these strains with those of recent epidemic (i.e., BI/NAP1/027) and nonepidemic isolates. Materials and Methods Human Case Finding and Defi nitionsCase fi nding was performed by reviewing recent and past human isolates of interest from 2 sources. Cases were defi ned as patients with clinical isolates identifi ed as toxinotype V by analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of toxin-encoding genes. First, we reviewed 620 C. diffi cile human isolates sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from healthcare facilities and ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxinotype VClostridium difficilein Humans and Food Animals

Jhung

Thompson

Killgore

et al. 2008

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

197

155

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“…162 Clostridium difficile-associated disease in nonhuman primates is rarely reported, but Old World and New World monkeys are known to be susceptible to naturally acquiring disease and to the effects of purified toxins. Postantibiotic diarrhea in juvenile and adult cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) was reportedly attributed to C. difficile.…”

Section: Sensitivity and Host Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clostridium difficile-associated disease develops spontaneously in a variety of other species including horses (Equus caballus), 93 hares (Lepus spp. ), 32 pigs (Sus scrofa), 156 nonhuman primates (Macaca spp., Pongo pygmaeus, and Saguinus oedipus), 128,150 domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), 161 domestic cats (Felis catus), 162 ostriches (Struthio camellus) 42 and black-tailed prairie dogs Vet Pathol 43:225-240 (2006) (Cynomus ludovicianus). 104 This review addresses the pathogenesis of C. difficile-associated disease (CDAD) and compares the lesions and clinical conditions among known susceptible species.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Comparative Pathology ofClostridium difficile-associated Disease

2006

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Abstract. Clostridium difficile is a confirmed pathogen in a wide variety of mammals, but the incidence of disease varies greatly in relation to host species, age, environmental density of spores, administration of antibiotics, and possibly, other factors. Lesions vary as well, in severity and distribution within individuals, and in some instances, age groups, of a given species. The cecum and colon are principally affected in most species, but foals and rabbits develop severe jejunal lesions. Explanations for variable susceptibility of species, and age groups within a species, are largely speculative. Differences in colonization rates and toxin-receptor densities have been proposed. Clostridium difficile-associated disease is most commonly diagnosed in Syrian hamsters, horses, and neonatal pigs, but it is reported sporadically in many other species. The essential virulence factors of C. difficile are large exotoxins, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB). Receptor-mediated endocytosis of the toxins is followed by endosomal acidification, a necessary step for conversion of the toxin to its active form in the cytosol. Cell-surface receptors have been characterized for TcdA, but remain to be identified for TcdB. Both TcdA and TcdB disrupt the actin cytoskeleton by disrupting Rho-subtype, intracellular signaling molecules. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton is catastrophic for cellular function, but inflammation and neurogenic stimuli are also involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.

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“…While signs of disease could range from mild self-limiting diarrhoea to chronic or fatal diarrhoea (Berry and Levett 1986), the relevance of the bacterium in small veterinary clinics is still uncertain (Weese 2011;Busch et al 2014). Different other studies have associated the presence of C. difficile in faeces with diarrhoea in dogs and cats (Weese et al 2001a;2001b;Weese and Armstrong 2003;Koene et al 2012;Wetterwik et al 2013). However, dogs can also be healthy carriers of C. difficile strains belonging to human epidemic PCR-ribotypes (Schneeberg et al 2012;Silva et al 2013b;Spigaglia et al 2015), with a high colonisation in the first period of live (Perrin et al 1993;Á lvarez-Pérez et al 2015).…”

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confidence: 99%

Clostridium difficile in Food and Animals: A Comprehensive Review

Rodríguez

Taminiau

Broeck

et al. 2016

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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Zoonoses are infections or diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans through direct contact, close proximity or the environment. Clostridium difficile is ubiquitous in the environment, and the bacterium is able to colonise the intestinal tract of both animals and humans. Since domestic and food animals frequently test positive for toxigenic C. difficile, even without showing any signs of disease, it seems plausible that C. difficile could be zoonotic. Therefore, animals could play an essential role as carriers of the bacterium. In addition, the presence of the spores in different meats, fish, fruits and vegetables suggests a risk of foodborne transmission. This review summarises the current available data on C. difficile in animals and foods, from when the bacterium was first described up to the present.

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Suspected Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in two cats

Cited by 38 publications

References 43 publications

Toxinotype VClostridium difficilein Humans and Food Animals

Toxinotype VClostridium difficilein Humans and Food Animals

The Comparative Pathology ofClostridium difficile-associated Disease

Clostridium difficile in Food and Animals: A Comprehensive Review

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