Clostridium difficile in Food and Animals: A Comprehensive Review

Rodríguez, C.; Taminiau, Bernard; Broeck, Johan Van; Delmée, Michel; Daube, Georges

doi:10.1007/5584_2016_27

Cited by 76 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 172 publications

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“…C. difficile is particularly prevalent in production animals such as piglets and calves both in Australia (Knight et al, 2014, 2016) and other countries (Hensgens et al, 2012; Rodriguez et al, 2016). Furthermore, genetically similar strains of C. difficile (characterized by RT, MLST, MLVA, and WGS), particularly toxinotype V (RT078), have been recovered from humans, production animals and retail meat, fuelling speculation that CDI may have a foodborne or zoonotic etiology (Rupnik and Songer, 2010; Knetsch et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome Analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotype 014 Lineage in Australian Pigs and Humans Reveals a Diverse Genetic Repertoire and Signatures of Long-Range Interspecies Transmission

et al. 2017

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Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype (RT) 014 is well-established in both human and porcine populations in Australia, raising the possibility that C. difficile infection (CDI) may have a zoonotic or foodborne etiology. Here, whole genome sequencing and high-resolution core genome phylogenetics were performed on a contemporaneous collection of 40 Australian RT014 isolates of human and porcine origin. Phylogenies based on MLST (7 loci, STs 2, 13, and 49) and core orthologous genes (1260 loci) showed clustering of human and porcine strains indicative of very recent shared ancestry. Core genome single nucleotide variant (SNV) analysis found 42% of human strains showed a clonal relationship (separated by ≤2 SNVs in their core genome) with one or more porcine strains, consistent with recent inter-host transmission. Clones were spread over a vast geographic area with 50% of the human cases occurring without recent healthcare exposure. These findings suggest a persistent community reservoir with long-range dissemination, potentially due to agricultural recycling of piggery effluent. We also provide the first pan-genome analysis for this lineage, characterizing its resistome, prophage content, and in silico virulence potential. The RT014 is defined by a large “open” pan-genome (7587 genes) comprising a core genome of 2296 genes (30.3% of the total gene repertoire) and an accessory genome of 5291 genes. Antimicrobial resistance genotypes and phenotypes varied across host populations and ST lineages and were characterized by resistance to tetracycline [tetM, tetA(P), tetB(P) and tetW], clindamycin/erythromycin (ermB), and aminoglycosides (aph3-III-Sat4A-ant6-Ia). Resistance was mediated by clinically important mobile genetic elements, most notably Tn6194 (harboring ermB) and a novel variant of Tn5397 (harboring tetM). Numerous clinically important prophages (Siphoviridae and Myoviridae) were identified as well as an uncommon accessory gene regulator locus (agr3). Conservation in the pathogenicity locus and S-layer correlated with ST affiliation, further extending the concept of clonal C. difficile lineages. This study provides novel insights on the genetic variability and strain relatedness of C. difficile RT014, a lineage of emerging One Health importance. Ongoing molecular and genomic surveillance of strains in humans, animals, food, and the environment is imperative to identify opportunities to reduce the overall CDI burden.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome Analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotype 014 Lineage in Australian Pigs and Humans Reveals a Diverse Genetic Repertoire and Signatures of Long-Range Interspecies Transmission

et al. 2017

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“…The predisposing factors associated with C. difficile infection (CDI) in dogs remain largely unknown. Antibiotic therapy is, so far, the only known risk factor for C. difficile colonization in dogs [8,9]. In the present work, five cases of chronic-recurring diarrhea in dogs with CDI have been reported.…”

mentioning

confidence: 61%

“…C. difficile has been reported in some studies to be one of the possible bacterial agents [2,4e6], although no studies to date have confirmed this hypothesis [3]. It is recognized that disruption of the gut microbiota is the main predisposing factor for colonization by C. difficile [8], and recent studies have shown dysbiosis in dogs with many gastrointestinal diseases including chronic diarrhea [15]. One known consequence of gut dysbiosis is alteration in bile acids, which can facilitate the germination of C. difficile spores [16,17].…”

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confidence: 99%

Clostridioides difficile infection in dogs with chronic-recurring diarrhea responsive to dietary changes

et al. 2018

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Five dogs with chronic-recurring diarrhea were positive for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), but were unresponsive to treatment with metronidazole. One of these animals was subjected to a colonoscopy, which revealed eosinophilic infiltration of the colon. All five animals completely recovered after dietary changes. The present work suggests that CDI might occur in dogs with other intestinal alterations. In addition, this report suggests that dysbiosis should be considered in animals that have chronic-recurring diarrhea and test positive for C. difficile.

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“…In these studies, the prevalence of strains of C. difficile associated with illness in hospitalized patients varied from high, predominantly in North America, to lower figures, usually in Europe. The common RTs from animal studies have been found in meat, suggesting that the contamination is occurring somewhere during processing, rather than from another external source (Rodriguez et al, 2016). Contamination of meat likely results from gut content spillage during evisceration or perhaps accumulation of spores within abattoir environment (Houser et al, 2012).…”

Section: Difficile In Food Animals and Foodborne CDImentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although there are few studies on the prevalence of C. difficile in sheep and goats (0-8.5%) Avberšek et al, 2015;Rodriguez et al, 2016), the available literature does not suggest that they pose a major risk of CDI in humans.…”

Section: Difficile In Goats and Sheepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridium difficile Infection in Production Animals and Avian Species: A Review

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Foster

Hampson

et al. 2016

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease

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Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis in hospitalized humans. Recently, C. difficile infection (CDI) has been increasingly recognized as a cause of neonatal enteritis in food animals such as pigs, resulting in stunted growth, delays in weaning, and mortality, as well as colitis in large birds such as ostriches. C. difficile is a strictly anaerobic spore-forming bacterium, which produces two toxins A (TcdA) and B (TcdB) as its main virulence factors. The majority of strains isolated from animals produce an additional binary toxin (C. difficile transferase) that is associated with increased virulence. C. difficile is ubiquitous in the environment and has a wide host range. This review summarizes the epidemiology, clinical presentations, risk factors, and laboratory diagnosis of CDI in animals. Increased awareness by veterinarians and animal owners of the significance of clinical disease caused by C. difficile in livestock and avians is needed. Finally, this review provides an overview on methods for controlling environmental contamination and potential therapeutics available.

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Clostridium difficile in Food and Animals: A Comprehensive Review

Cited by 76 publications

References 172 publications

Genome Analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotype 014 Lineage in Australian Pigs and Humans Reveals a Diverse Genetic Repertoire and Signatures of Long-Range Interspecies Transmission

Genome Analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotype 014 Lineage in Australian Pigs and Humans Reveals a Diverse Genetic Repertoire and Signatures of Long-Range Interspecies Transmission

Clostridioides difficile infection in dogs with chronic-recurring diarrhea responsive to dietary changes

Clostridium difficile Infection in Production Animals and Avian Species: A Review

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