Suspended-matter particle size in some west-European estuaries; part I: Particle-size distribution

Eisma, D.; Bernard, P.; Cadée, Gerhard C.; Ittekkot, V.; Kalf, J.; Laane, R.W.P.M.; Martin, Jean Marie; Mook, W.G.; Put, A. Van; Schuhmacher, T.

doi:10.1016/0077-7579(91)90017-u

Cited by 74 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…An increase in salt concentration decreases the particles' charge and, therefore, would lead to an increase in the floc size; however, this is not always observed in situ. While van Leussen (1999) measured, in the Ems estuary, an increase of the floc size for increasing salinity, Eisma et al (1991) observed a decrease of the floc size for increasing salinity. Burt (1986) carried out a large series of floc size measurements at different salinities within the Thames estuary, but could not find any correlation between salinity and floc size.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of shear rate, organic matter content, pH and salinity on mud flocculation

et al. 2009

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The purpose of this paper is to establish a relation between a few measurable quantities (the socalled ζ potential, organic matter content, and shear rate) and the flocculation behavior of mud. The results obtained with small-scale flocculation experiments (mixing jar) are compared to results of large-scale experiments (settling column). The mud used for all experiments has been collected in October 2007 in the lower Western Schelde, near Antwerp, Belgium. From this study, it was found that the mean floc size and the Kolmogorov microscale vary in a similar way with the shear rate for suspensions with different pH and salt concentrations. The size of flocs at a given shear rate depends on the properties of the suspension, which affect the electrokinetic properties of the sediment; these can be described by means of the ζ potential. The main findings of this paper are: (1) In saline suspensions at pH = 8, the mean floc size increases when the salt concentration and the ζ potential increase. (2) For a given ζ potential, the mean floc size at low pH is larger than observed at pH = 8 for any added salt. (3) The mean floc size increases with increasing organic matter content. (4) Mud with no organic matter at pH = 8 and no added salt flocculates very little. The response of mud suspensions to variations in salinity and pH is similar to that of kaolinite. This suggests that a general trend can be established for different and complex types of clays and mud. This systematic study can therefore be used for further development of flocculation models.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of shear rate, organic matter content, pH and salinity on mud flocculation

et al. 2009

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“…The use of Junge distributions for marine particles has been criticized (Risovic 2002;Stavn and Keen 2004;Chami et al 2006). Although some field measurements carried out in coastal waters suggest PSDs close to a power-law distribution (Boss et al 2001a), others reveal significant features at any size range on top of a power-law PSD (Bale and Morris 1987;Eisma et al 1991;Bernard et al 2001). Note also that current particle-sizing techniques for discrete and in situ sampling, such as the resistive particle-counting technique (e.g., Coulter counter) or laser diffraction (e.g., the LISST series, Sequoia Scientific), are typically limited to the range 1-200 mm (Agrawal and Pottsmith 2000).…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectral variations of light scattering by marine particles in coastal waters, from the visible to the near infrared

Doxaran

Ruddick

McKee

et al. 2009

Limnology & Oceanography

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Field measurements and Mie calculations of the particulate light-scattering coefficient (b p , in m 21 ) in the nearinfrared and visible spectral domains are combined to quantify and model the effect of particulate absorption on the b p spectral variations. The case of particles of coastal origin and assumed to follow a Junge-type size distribution is considered. A simple power-law function closely reproduces the near-infrared b p spectral variations, with a spectral slope varying in the range 0.1-1.4. In the visible (e.g., 440 nm), particulate absorption effects systematically lead to b p values 5-30% lower than values predicted using a power-law function fitted in the near infrared and extrapolated to 440 nm. The respective influences of the particle size distribution and composition are investigated for both mineral and organic particle populations. Finally, an empirical model derived from theoretical calculations closely reproduces the actual b p spectral variations from near-infrared to short visible wavelengths, taking into account particulate absorption effects.

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“…Gaju et al 1989, Billington 1991, others using optical properties of the sample, e.g. underwater photography (Eisma et al 1990(Eisma et al , 1991 . .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the volume of POM and the particle size are difficult to measure. The CoulterQP Counter, widely used for estimating particle volumes (Vanderploeg et al 1987, Gaju et al 1989, Billington 1991, Eisma et al 1991, fails to detect detritus, and above all it cannot detect the electrolytecontaining carbohydrate matrix of aggregates in plankton samples properly (Boyd & Johnson 1995). Alternative methods for quantifying particle volume and size distributions are microscopic techniques combined with 2-and 3-dimensional image analysis (Psenner 1993, Verity & Sieracki 1993.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staining particulate organic matter with DTAF--a fluorescence dye for carbohydrates and protein:a new approach and application of a 2D image analysis system

Schumann¹,

Rentsch²

1998

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Aggregates consist in many cases of microorganisms attached to an organic matrix. Several attempts have been made to visualise the mucoid components of the matrix by staining (e.g. alcian blue for carbohydrates and coomassie brilliant blue for proteins). Modern equipment, such as epfluorescence microscopes, flow cytometers and confocal laser scanning n?icroscopes, requires or works best with fluorescently marked objects. Therefore, there is a great need for a fluorescent dye to visualise polysaccharides associated with aggregates. Like proteins, polysaccharides are very heterogeneous in their 3-dunensional structure. Depending on the types of interglycosidic bonds and the orders of monosaccharide building blocks, various conformations are possible (i.e. helices or molecule layers). Moreover, saccharides are very hard to modify covalently in water at natural pH levels. To date, the only available fluorescence marker is 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazinyl)aminofluorescein (DTAF), which binds covalently to polysaccharides at room temperature when the pH is above 9 This paper compares the results of staining particulate organic matter (POM) with DTAF with the results of staining with the DNA-specific stain propidium iodide, which has been recently introduced to visualise detritus. Results are related to other POM properties, e.g. particle volume measured by coultere Counter and particulate organic carbon (POC). When plankton and floccular sediment layer samples were stained with DTAF, the total particle volume was, in 13 out of 17 samples, 11 to 393% greater than that revealed by propidium iodide. The mucoid matrix of large particles (>50 pm charneter) stained well with DTAF, whereas this material was only weakly detected w t h propidium iodide. In contrast, very small particles such as bacteria were seen better with propidium iohde. The total parbcle volume of a DTAF-stained sample calculated from 2-dimensional image analysis data correlated significantly with POC, total particulate polysaccharides, Coultera-counter-derived total particle volume, and light-microscope-derived summed volumes of bacteria, phytoplankton and protozooplankton. The total biovolumes contributed on average 62% of the Coultera Counter volume and 45% of propidium-iodide-stainable and 50% of DTAF-stainable volume in plankton samples from the Kirr Bucht and 58,59 and 61 % from the Rassower Strom, respectively. The remaining volume must be interpreted as the volume of amorphous detritus and, particularly in the case of the fluorescently stained particles, also as amorphous organic material.

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Suspended-matter particle size in some west-European estuaries; part I: Particle-size distribution

Cited by 74 publications

References 12 publications

Influence of shear rate, organic matter content, pH and salinity on mud flocculation

Influence of shear rate, organic matter content, pH and salinity on mud flocculation

Spectral variations of light scattering by marine particles in coastal waters, from the visible to the near infrared

Staining particulate organic matter with DTAF--a fluorescence dye for carbohydrates and protein:a new approach and application of a 2D image analysis system

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