Sustainable blockchain through proof of exercise

Shoker, Ali

doi:10.1109/nca.2017.8171383

Cited by 72 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…When hardware based mining solutions took over the computing power dedicated in mining activities experienced, despite strong fluctuations, an exponential growth [268]. It worth nothing that alternative PoW-schemes try to compensate the incredible waste of energy with useful work at an academic level; Primecoin [269] searches for prime numbers chains (Cunningham chain [270]), NooShare [271] executes Monte-Carlo simulations, Shoker [272] proposes matrix-product problems to solve while in [273] authors propose to replace PoW hashing function with alternative one-way functions satisfying additional properties.…”

Section: E Proof-of-x Consensusmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Vademecum on Blockchain Technologies: When, Which, and How

Belotti

Božić

Pujolle

et al. 2019

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

364

159

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Blockchain is a technology making the shared registry concept from distributed systems a reality for a number of application domains, from the cryptocurrency one to potentially any industrial system requiring decentralized, robust, trusted and automated decision making in a multistakeholder situation. Nevertheless, the actual advantages in using blockchain instead of any other traditional solution (such as centralized databases) are not completely understood to date, or at least there is a strong need for a vademecum guiding designers toward the right decision about when to adopt blockchain or not, which kind of blockchain better meets use-case requirements, and how to use it. In this article we aim at providing the community with such a vademecum, while giving a general presentation of blockchain that goes beyond its usage in Bitcoin and surveying a selection of the vast literature that emerged in the last few years. We draw the key requirements and their evolution when passing from permissionless to permissioned blockchains, presenting the differences between proposed and experimented consensus mechanisms, and describing existing blockchain platforms.

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Section: E Proof-of-x Consensusmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Vademecum on Blockchain Technologies: When, Which, and How

Belotti

Božić

Pujolle

et al. 2019

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

364

159

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Another line of work in this direction suggests creating PoWs based on real world problems, such as DNA and RNA sequencing, surface matching, data mining and computational geometry. A model for integrating matricial instances of these problems was studied in the Proof of eXercise www.aetic.theiaer.org setting [36], although the verification of such computations presents some limits (it is slow and probabilistic).…”

Section: Bread Pudding Alternativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on PoW-based Consensus

Meneghetti¹,

Sala²,

Taufer³

2020

AETiC

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We provide a historical overview of proof-of-work techniques and the fields in which it plunges its roots. We are interested in PoW-techniques applied to blockchain technology and therefore we survey the state-of-the-art protocols employing these methods for consensus algorithms, emphasizing the differences between the efficient hashcash systems and the promising bread pudding protocols. Afterwards, the consensus mechanisms are discussed and some interesting known attacks to these algorithms are collected and classified according to their underlying ideas.

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“…As the origin of PoX series, PoW [21] uses computing power for preimage searching and creates a huge amount of electricity waste. In [25], Proof of Exercise is proposed to replace useless searching in PoW with the useful exercise of matrix product problems. Apart from delegation of expensive computation, PoX can also be designed to incentivize cheap storage provisions.…”

Section: Pox Seriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A game-theoretic approach to storage offloading in PoC-based mobile blockchain mining

Jiang

2020

Proceedings of the Twenty-First International Symposium on Theory, Algorithmic Foundations, and Protocol Design for Mobile Netw

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Proof of Capacity (PoC) is an eco-friendly alternative to Proof of Work for consensus in blockchains since it determines mining rights based on miners' storage rather than computation. In PoC, for every block, a miner executes hashing on part of his dedicated storage. The miner that comes up with the smallest hash value among all miners will win the block. PoC has yet to be applied to mobile applications, due to the storage limitation of mobile devices. Storage offloading can be a viable solution that allows miners to offload mining all files to a cloud storage. In each mining round, a miner can decide whether to mine on his local device or by a cloud virtual machine (VM). Self-mining requires no extra cost but it incurs download delay, which will reduce the chance of winning. Cloud-mining experiences no delay but it brings cost on VMs. This delay-cost tradeoff challenges each miner to determine a ratio between self-mining and cloud-mining to maximize his utility. We model interactions among miners as a non-cooperative game and formulate a Nash equilibrium problem to investigate the effects of offloading on miners' utilities. We analyze the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium and propose a distributed algorithm to achieve the equilibrium in a uniform-delay setting. Further, we extend our results to non-uniform delays since miners may choose different network settings, e.g. 5G, 4G, or 3G. Both numerical evaluation and testbed experiments on Burstcoin are conducted to show the feasibility of storage offloading and to validate the proposed models and theoretical results. CCS CONCEPTS • Networks → Mobile networks; Network economics; • Mathematics of computing → Distribution functions.

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Sustainable blockchain through proof of exercise

Cited by 72 publications

References 22 publications

A Vademecum on Blockchain Technologies: When, Which, and How

A Vademecum on Blockchain Technologies: When, Which, and How

A Survey on PoW-based Consensus

A game-theoretic approach to storage offloading in PoC-based mobile blockchain mining

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