Rapid world urbanisation calls attention to the issue of sustainable urban development. Urbanisation problems are especially pressing in the industrial cities of China, where environmental conditions have deteriorated with rapid economic and urban development. This study is an exploration of sustainability in an urban context using the natural resource-based industrial city of Jinchang in N.W.China as a case study. The main objective of this study has been to gain a better understanding of urban systems and potential ways of facilitating urban sustainability.The study demonstrates that urban transitions toward sustainability can be facilitated by a systematic and holistic understanding of complex urban systems. The study established a theoretical framework for understanding sustainable urban development and reviewed China's environmental governance philosophies to provide a cultural and political context. A mixed methodology that combined quantitative and qualitative approaches was then applied to Jinchang City to test this framework.Urban metabolism modelling using Material Flow Analysis (MFA) was used to model Jinchang's urban biophysical system and evaluate its sustainability potential over a twenty years period. The study showed that Jinchang's urban development relies heavily on local resources with high material/energy consumption and high waste/pollution generation. This directly challenges sustainable urban development. However, a sustainable trend was observed as economic growth has been strongly decoupled from air pollution while material utilisation efficiency has significantly improved. This suggests that synchronised progress in economic development and environmental improvement requires radical transformations of dematerialisation and decoupling of economic growth from material/energy consumption by adopting technical approaches of cleaner production, circular economy and economic structural adjustment.A field inquiry with semi-structured interview as the main approach explored multi-level human responses to urban problems. This provided insights into the real world from a bottom-up perspective and helped to gain an in-depth understanding of human-environment interactions. The model of urban social system based on public responses revealed that the influences of urban social system on sustainable urban development are determined by key factors in three clusters: commitment of stakeholders, institutional development, and personal development. The challenge for a transition to sustainable behaviour is to bridge the gaps between knowledge and practice. The commitment of government is particularly important in promoting collaboration and participation of stakeholders to fill knowledge gaps and confront governance challenges. Cultural and personal development are soft ii power to accelerate this transition by promoting the knowledge, motivation and commitment of stakeholders. The study suggests that transitions towards sustainability involve multi-level reforms and their synthesis across levels ...