“…For the above reasons, solving land use optimization problem relies on the application of meta-heuristics and various researches had been assigned to adapt these algorithms with the framework of the land use optimization problem (Simulated Annealing: (Aerts & Heuvelink, 2002;Duh & Brown, 2007;Santé-Riveira et al, 2008); Tabu-Search: (Qi et al, 2008); Genetic Algorithm (GA): (Cao et al, 2011;Cao et al, 2012;Holzkämper & Seppelt, 2007;Janssen et al, 2008;Karakostas & Economou, 2014;Matthews, 2001;Stewart et al, 2004;Xiao et al, 2002;Zhang et al, 2010); Particle Swarm: (Liu, Lao, et al, 2012;Masoomi et al, 2013); Ant Colony: ; and Bee Colony (Yang et al, 2015)). Reviewing these researches show that although various algorithms adapted and examined by scholars for land use allocation, a slight part of the literature was dedicated to develop particle swarm based algorithms (PSO), and parallelizing particle swarm algorithm (PPSO) has not yet been considered.…”