Sustainable Long-Term Energy Supply and Demand: The Gradual Transition to a New and Renewable Energy System in Indonesia by 2050

Abstract

The objective of this work is to evaluate long-term energy demand and supply decarbonization in Indonesia. On the demand side, electric vehicles and biofuels for transportation and induction stoves and urban gas networks for households were considered. Based on the National Energy Policy, primary energy supply projections optimized NRE power plant use and increase NRE's position in the national energy mix. A Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) model evaluates 2020–2050 energy demand predictions and low-carbon energy systems. This study's sustainable transition options require two basic technical advances. First, electric vehicles and induction stoves would reduce oil fuel usage by 228.34 million BOE and LPG consumption by 24.65 million BOE. Second, power generation should be decarbonized using NRE sources such as solar, hydro, biomass, geothermal, and nuclear. In 2050, solar power (40 GW), hydropower (38.47 GW), geothermal power (10 GW), and other NRE (24.45 GW, 18.67 GW of which would be biomass power) would dominate NRE electrical capacity. Biomass co-firing for coal power plants would reach 36.35 million tons in 2050. In 2035, the Java-Bali or West Kalimantan system will deploy 1 GW of nuclear power reactors, rising to 4 GW by 2050. Under the Transition Energy (TE) scenario, by 2025 and 2050, new and renewable energy would make up 23% and 31% of the primary energy mix, respectively, reducing GHG emissions per capita. According to predictions, annual GHG emissions per capita will decline from the BAU scenario's 4.48 tonne CO2eq/capita in 2050 to the TE scenario's 4.1 tonne.

Solar Power Station For High-Powered Electronics

“…According to the obtained result in Table 1, solar power stations can charge for around 1 kWh on a sunny day each day. This result was lower compared to the targeted 1-day power charging (1,567 Wh). This condition may cause of derating factor 𝑑 was less than 80%.…”

“…Advancement in technology is also followed by improvement in living standards. Household electronic devices such as electric stoves, air conditioners, etc [1], [2]. mostly need high electrical power consumption for operation.…”

An overview of the energy segment of Indonesia: present situation, prospects, and forthcoming advancements in renewable energy technology

“…According to Yudiartono et al (2023), the government provides backing for the implementation of induction cookers and the expansion of the gas network, aligning with the objectives outlined in the energy transformation roadmap and the pursuit of carbon neutrality. In addition, it is important to note that the enhancement of energy efficiency in commercial buildings necessitates a comprehensive approach that encompasses both the design phase and the operational aspects of the structure (Raihan, 2023l).…”

“…In addition, it is important to note that the enhancement of energy efficiency in commercial buildings necessitates a comprehensive approach that encompasses both the design phase and the operational aspects of the structure (Raihan, 2023l). This can be achieved by including efficient equipment and systems, as highlighted by Yudiartono et al (2022).…”

Assessing the feasibility of gray, blue, and green ammonia productions in Indonesia: A techno-economic and environmental perspective

“…One notable advantage of hydropower and geothermal sources over wind and solar is their reliability, as they are not reliant on specific time periods. Therefore, it is expected that hydropower and geothermal energy will dominate the country's future energy mix, meeting up to 70% of the energy demand (IRENA, 2017;Yudiartono et al, 2023).…”