Sustainable machining of titanium alloys: A critical review

Abstract

The three main pillars of sustainability are the society, the environment, and the economy (people, planet, and profit). The key drivers that sustain these three pillars are energy and resource efficiency, a clean and ‘green’ environment that incorporates effective waste reduction and management, and finally cost-effective production. Sustainable manufacturing implies technologies and/or techniques that target these key drivers during product manufacture. Because of the effort and costs involved in the machining of titanium and its alloys, there is significant scope for improved sustainable manufacturing of these materials. Titanium and its alloys are extensively used for specialized applications in aerospace, medical, and general industry because of their superior strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance. They are, however, generally regarded as difficult-to-machine materials. This article presents an overview of previous and current work and trends as regards to sustainable machining of titanium and its alloys. This article focuses on reviewing previous work to improve the sustainable machining of titanium and its alloys with specific reference to the selection of optimum machining conditions, effect of tool materials and geometry, implementing advanced lubrication and/or cooling techniques, and employing advanced and hybrid machining strategies. The main motivation is to present an overview of the current state of the art to discuss the challenges and to suggest economic and environment-friendly ways for improving the machinability of titanium and its alloys.

Titanium for Orthopedic Applications: An Overview of Surface Modification to Improve Biocompatibility and Prevent Bacterial Biofilm Formation

“…The most common alloyed grade is grade 5, which is Ti6Al4V. Ti6Al4V has excellent biocompatibility coupled with superior mechanical properties, and it alone makes up more than 50% of all titanium alloys used commercially ( Gupta and Laubscher, 2016 ). A comparative table between the commercially pure Ti grades and Ti6Al4V is shown in Table 1 ( Donachie, 1988 , Oldani and Dominguez, 2012 ).…”

Ecological, economical and technological perspectives based sustainability assessment in hybrid-cooling assisted machining of Ti-6Al-4 V alloy

“…Possession of many desirable characteristics for instances excellent corrosion endurance, strength to weight ratio and elevated fatigue performance by titanium alloys has made it the best candidate for widespread use, especially as biomaterials and aerospace sector. Ti-6Al-4 V being most important alloy of titanium industry has high thermal softening resistance, stable α + β structure and constitute 50% of the usage of titanium and its alloys [3,4]. Although, Ti-6Al-4 V has superior thermo-physical characteristics, however, poor thermal conductivity, chip-contact angle, and high chemical reactivity towards tool materials, damage the tool material and cause large edge wear [5].…”

Effect of titanium in aluminium matrix on densification and forming limit of P/M composites during upsetting process

“…Thus, Ti metal has wide requirements in many industries like automobile, aerospace, electronics, naval ships, energy and biomedical due to their excellent mechanical properties [3]. In particular, in the aerospace field, Ti can be used to make engine and turbines due to its high-temperature property [4,5]. Nowadays, AMCs are fabricated by various manufacturing methods such as casting, mechanical alloying, squeeze infiltration, spray deposition and powder metallurgy [6].…”