Sustainable porous hollow carbon spheres with high specific surface area derived from Kraft lignin

Cao, Kiet Le Anh; Kitamoto, Yasuhiko; Iskandar, Ferry; Ogi, Takashi

doi:10.1016/j.apt.2021.04.012

Cited by 64 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Differing from the poor solvent crystallization method, the spray-drying method allows the fastest production speed. , The crystallization of dissolved γ-CD and potassium ions as atomized droplets is initiated in the drying chamber of the spray dryer. The solute concentration and droplet size are crucial elements in the formation of hollow and porous spherical particles. − In the atomization process, the precursor fluid in the continuous feed flow would be broken into small droplets by the air shield at the nozzle tip. If the solute concentration in the precursor is high, the diffusion coefficient may be low, indicating that the solute phase has slow movement inside the droplet .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystalline Rearranged CD-MOF Particles Obtained via Spray-Drying Synthesis Applied to Inhalable Formulations with High Drug Loading

Tse

Kadota

Nakajima

et al. 2021

Crystal Growth & Design

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γ-Cyclodextrin-based metal−organic framework (CD-MOF) particles were prepared using poor solvent crystallization and spray-drying methods in order to advance conventional engineering processes. Particles were characterized in terms of their morphology, size, surface area, surface elemental composition, crystallinity, and drug content. CD-MOFs prepared by the poor solvent crystallization method exhibit similar morphologies and crystallinities to those fabricated by vapor diffusion. In contrast to the development of the (γ-CD) 6 cubic array, the rapid evaporation of the solvent during spray-drying promoted the formation of hollow CD-MOF particles with low crystallinity. The CD-MOF structure in spray-dried particles reformed into the well-known (γ-CD) 6 cubic array following contact with ethanol. In terms of their spherical shape, low density, and geometric median particle size (D 50 ) that is lower than 5 μm, the potential application of spray-dried CD-MOF for dry powder inhaler formulation was affirmed. Thus, the spray-drying process was further enhanced using a modified procedure. Modified spray-dried particles achieved an outstanding aerosolization performance by initiating crystal growth using an ethanolic spray-drying precursor. The successful design of this crystal structure grants CD-MOF products a high potential for use in inhalable formulation carriers and likely for other applications in the future.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystalline Rearranged CD-MOF Particles Obtained via Spray-Drying Synthesis Applied to Inhalable Formulations with High Drug Loading

Tse

Kadota

Nakajima

et al. 2021

Crystal Growth & Design

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“…20 From this point of view, lignin is considered as an ideal carbon precursor for preparing EDLC electrode materials due to its inexpensiveness, accessibility, high carbon content (>60 wt %), abundant aromatic benzene ring structure, and the advantage of producing non-toxic contaminants during carbonization. 12,21,22 Spray drying is a well-known efficient method for preparing functional materials because it requires a single simple step and is a favorable approach for controlling the morphology of generated particles. 11,12,23−25 This technique can also be operated as a rapid, continuous, and economical process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Sustainable Approach for Preparing Porous Carbon Spheres Derived from Kraft Lignin and Sodium Hydroxide as Highly Packed Thin Film Electrode Materials

Kitamoto

Cao

et al. 2022

Langmuir

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A green synthetic strategy to design biomassderived porous carbon electrode materials with precisely tailored structure and morphology has always been a challenging goal because these materials can fulfill the demands of next-generation supercapacitors and other electrochemical devices. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is extensively utilized as an activator since it can produce porous carbon with high specific surface area and well-developed porous channels. The exploitation of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as an activating agent is less referenced in the literature, although it offers some advantages over KOH in terms of low cost, less corrosiveness, and simple handling procedure, all of which are appealing particularly from an industrial viewpoint. The motivation for this present study is to fabricate porous carbon spheres in a sustainable manner via a spray drying approach followed by a carbonization process, using Kraft lignin as the carbon precursor and NaOH as an alternative activation agent instead of the high-cost and high-corrosive KOH for the first time. The structure of carbon particles can be accurately transitioned from a compact to hollow structure, and the surface textural properties can be easily tuned by altering the NaOH concentration. The obtained porous carbon spheres were applied as highly packed thin film electrode materials for supercapacitor devices. The specific capacitance value of porous carbon spheres with a highly compact structure (high packing density) is 66.5 F g −1 , which is higher than that of commercial activated carbon and other biomassderived carbon. This work provides a green processing for producing low-cost and environment-friendly porous carbon spheres from abundant Kraft lignin and important insight for selecting NaOH as an activator to tailor the morphology and structure, which represents an economical and sustainable approach for energy storage devices.

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“…16 The slight broad hump peak at approximately 26° was attributed to the formation of carbon nanoparticles during the spray pyrolysis process. 17,18 Additionally, decreasing carrier gas flow rates led the gradual increase of the crystal size of the FeNi particles due to the increasing phase formation in a longer residence time. 19 An extensive investigation was also carried out using an XRD pattern at a low angle to confirm the L 1 0 phase of FeNi particles, which must be avoided.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

DC bias characteristic enhancement of the powder core by using densified submicron sized FeNi particles through spray pyrolysis

et al. 2022

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Sustainable porous hollow carbon spheres with high specific surface area derived from Kraft lignin

Cited by 64 publications

References 50 publications

Crystalline Rearranged CD-MOF Particles Obtained via Spray-Drying Synthesis Applied to Inhalable Formulations with High Drug Loading

Crystalline Rearranged CD-MOF Particles Obtained via Spray-Drying Synthesis Applied to Inhalable Formulations with High Drug Loading

A Sustainable Approach for Preparing Porous Carbon Spheres Derived from Kraft Lignin and Sodium Hydroxide as Highly Packed Thin Film Electrode Materials

DC bias characteristic enhancement of the powder core by using densified submicron sized FeNi particles through spray pyrolysis

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