Sustainable production of chemicals – an educational perspective

Eissen, Marco

doi:10.1039/c2rp90002e

Cited by 36 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 72 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Although the E factor metrics were not determined in these articles, applying them would show students the value of solvent recycling and alternative reaction media in terms of minimizing waste. For more information on waste reduction in an educational setting, the reader is referred to other excellent sources [15][16][17][18].…”

Section: Perspective On Waste In Academia and Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

The E Factor and Process Mass Intensity

Dicks

Hent

2014

SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The environmental (E) factor and process mass intensity (PMI) metrics are introduced and thoroughly analyzed. As indispensable green metrics widely applied throughout the chemical industry, the E factor and PMI are calculated for numerous industrial processes throughout the chapter. A perspective on waste in the context of academic research, industrial synthesis and reactivity within alternative reaction media highlights the importance of material recovery, in particular with regard to reaction solvents. The section on catalysis further expands on the question of waste reduction by considering several important points. Advantages of heterogeneous catalysis which include catalyst recycling and simple product isolation and purification are described. Issues and potential solutions encountered with homogeneous catalysts and potential solutions are also discussed. Finally, the biocatalytic synthesis of pregabalin sheds light on the notions of solvent recovery and water intensity. Limitations of the E factor (which include failure to address the nature of the waste produced) provide for an introduction to process mass intensity. After explaining the simple relationship between PMI and E factor, the chapter turns to the benefits of PMI as a more robust front-end approach for evaluating the material efficiency of a process. This idea is captured by considering the biocatalytic synthesis of Singulair. defined as "anything that is not the desired product" [1], in the years following its conception, the E factor metric has contributed to significant industrial waste reduction [2][3][4][5]. In tandem with atom economy, the E factor has provided the global view of synthetic efficiency. Typical industrial E factors first published by Sheldon (Table 3.1) [1] have enhanced understanding about the problem of waste and enabled various solutions to address it. Modern techniques are now starting to show potential in bypassing certain synthetic limitations once perceived in Sheldon's original conclusions. In recent years, efforts toward waste reduction have enabled many innovations such that the majority of process chemists today consider determining an E factor as essential to process development [6]. Keywords Intrinsic and Global E FactorsThe E factor approach to waste complements the atom economy metric because it offers both intrinsic and global evaluations of a synthetic process. The intrinsic method is one which Andraos calls the environmental impact factor based on molecular weight (E mw ) [7]. This metric is calculated as the ratio of the molecular weight of all by-products divided by the molecular weight of the desired product. The E factor based on mass (E factor) offers a global perspective and is calculated as the ratio of the total mass of all waste to the mass of the desired product [1]. Figure 3.1 outlines the calculations for both metrics in the context of a balanced stoichiometric reaction. From the conservation of mass law it is possible to derive simple mathematical relationships between the E factor me...

show abstract

Section: Perspective On Waste In Academia and Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

The E Factor and Process Mass Intensity

Dicks

Hent

2014

SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The finding that the experimental group demonstrated a higher environmental awareness than the control is supported by the finding made by Karpudewan et al (2009) that green chemistry curriculum positively impact on environmental awareness levels of students. Integration of green chemistry is a way to foster ESD (Burmeister et al, 2012;Eissen, 2012;Karpudewan et al, 2012;Hartwell, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a way of tackling challenges of unsustainable social, economic and environmental development through ESD, the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD) 2005-2014 was coordinated at a global level by the United Nations (United Nations, 2002;Dawe, Jucker & Martin, 2005). Following the above impetus, there are notable efforts in chemistry education to foster ESD (Burmeister &Eilks, 2012;Eissen, 2012). One significant way of implementing the environmental dimension of ESD has been done through the integration green chemistry principles (Burmeister, Rauch &Karpudewan, Ismail & Roth, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The promotion of sustainable environmental education by the Zimbabwe Ordinary level science syllabi

Tsakeni

2017

PiE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Before the measurement, the catalyst was treated at 100 • C as degassing temperature for 5 h under a nitrogen flow of 35 ml/min. 1 H NMR analysis of chitosan was performed on a Varian NMR spectrometer operating at 300 MHz. The sample was solubilized in D 2 O/CD 3 COOD and the spectrum was acquired at 60 • C.…”

Section: Characterization Of the Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Today, the sustainability of processes and materials represents an unavoidable issue in the chemical industry [1,2]. Therefore, the development of greener and greener processes and technologies and the use of active, selective, recyclable and scarcely toxic catalysts in the perspective of 12 principles of Green Chemistry are a must for all researches.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%