Sustainable stabilization of oil in water emulsions by cellulose nanocrystals synthesized from deep eutectic solvents

Abstract

14There is an urgent global need to develop novel types of environmentally safe dispersing chemicals from renewable 15 resources in order to reduce the environmental impact of oil spills. For this goal, cellulose, the most abundant natural 16 polymeric source, is a promising green, nontoxic alternative that could replace the current synthetic surfactants. In this 17 study, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) synthesized using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) and two commercially available 18 cellulose nanocrystals were used as marine diesel oil-water Pickering emulsion stabilizers. In particular, oil in water 19(o/w) emulsion formation and stability of emulsified oil during storing were addressed using a laser diffraction particle 20 size analyzer, image analysis, and oil emulsion volume examination. The particle size of the o/w reference without 21CNCs after dispersing was over 50µm and coalescence occurred only a few minutes after the emulsifying mixing 22 procedure. All three investigated CNCs were effective stabilizers for the o/w system (oil droplets size under 10µm) by 23 preventing the oil droplet coalescence over time (6 weeks) and resulting in a stable creaming layer. The CNCs prepared 24 using green DES systems boasted performance comparable to that of commercial CNCs, and they showed effectiveness 25 at 0.1% dispersant dosage. 26

Strategies for structuring diverse emulsion systems by using wood lignocellulose-derived stabilizers

“…106 The performance of CNC prepared to become Pickering stabilizers by various methods of conversion, including oxidative reaction and deep eutectic solvents, was comparable. 107 Near-critical water treatment and high-shear homogenization of MCC produced nanocellulose particles that acted as Pickering stabilizers. 108 CNC can also be combined with CNF, the former acting as a Pickering stabilizer at the o/w interface and the latter inducing depletion stabilization.…”

Emulsion Stabilization with Functionalized Cellulose Nanoparticles Fabricated Using Deep Eutectic Solvents

“…Despite of the applicability of deep eutectic solvents (DESs), only few studies can be found on cellulose nanoparticles produced with renewable chemicals such as DESs [ 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]. Cellulose nanoparticles produced in DESs in o / w emulsion stabilization applications have not yet been studied much [ 48 ]. However, studies can be found in DES functionalized nanoparticles, for example ammonium and phosphonium-based DES-functionalized graphene with enhanced electrical or mechanical properties [ 49 ] or carbon nanotubes functionalized in allyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide-based DES to better adsorb Hg 2+ from water [ 50 ].…”

Cellulose Nanocrystals Extracted from Grape Pomace with Deep Eutectic Solvents and Application for Self‐Healing Nanocomposite Hydrogels

“…The crystalline structure and the crystallinity index (CrI) of all CNCs samples are shown in Figure 3a. The XRD patterns displayed that the major peaks at 2θ values of around 14.93°, 16.25°, 22.75°, and 34.45°, which corresponded to the (1‐10), (110), (200), and (004) planes, respectively, indicate the characteristic peaks of cellulose I 79. According to Segal method,80 the CrI of CNCs increased with the raising of hydrolysis time, suggesting that the dislodging of amorphous region of cellulose was more obvious at long hydrolysis time.…”