Sustainable urban drainage approach, focusing on lid techniques, applied to the design of new housing subdivisions in the context of a growing city

Abstract

City growth must be carefully planned, in order to deal with the relevant hydrological changes, caused by urbanisation effects. Frequently, the increasing of the impervious surface areas is the major cause of urban fl oods aggravation. For this reason, new urban drainage design concepts have been researched in the recent decades, looking for a more sustainable stormwater management approach. The concept of sustainability in urban drainage implies that fl oods may not be transferred to downstream and that drainage systems must be planned considering urban development along time. Storage and infi ltration measures, distributed over the watershed and integrated with urban landscape, should be introduced to reduce fl ood peaks and reorganise fl ood fl ow patterns. Following this path, the concept of low impact development (LID) may be a reference for urban drainage projects of new housing subdivisions. This concept tends to produce built environments with minor hydrological changes, trying to preserve or recover natural fl ow conditions prior to the urbanisation. In this context, this paper aims to discuss the problems related to urban fl ood in a conceptual, but practical, perspective, comparing different alternatives of drainage design for urban areas in a development process. In particular, a case study in the neighbourhood of Guaratiba, at Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil, will be developed. This region is under an increasing urban growth pressure, but it is still possible to plan and design an alternative occupation. Basically, two approaches were compared: a traditional end of pipe design concept and an alternative sustainable design approach, based on the LID concept. The effects of the LID fl ood control measures were analysed and compared, applied in both public and private areas of a new urban subdivision project. A critical storm event was considered for the local scale and for Cabuçu River, which is the receiving water body for the local drainage system. The combined use of infi ltration and storage measures was able to recover fl ood peaks. The pre-urbanisation values were approximately reproduced, both for the local and the basin scales, although peak times were not recovered. Keywords: low impact development, urban site development, sustainable urban drainage, fl ood control, mathematical modelling 1 INTRODUCTION Urban planning integrates some fundamental elements such as sanitation, transport, housing, entertainment, culture, education and health, among others. Thus, it can be said that sustainability of urban areas depends on several interconnected aspects, composing a complex and multidisciplinary framework. One important element in this framework is the urban drainage system.The relation between urban development and urban drainage is very close. Urbanisation can lead to important hydrologic and environmental modifi cations [1]. The removal of natural vegetation, followed by the paving of large surface areas, causes heavy changes in the natural hydrologic cycle. The main consequences refer to ...

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