“…Each image acquisition device leaves some non-modifiable, noise-like signal, which can be used to detect the forgery. The passive techniques are classified as pixel based techniques, i.e., copy-move [11,12], image splicing [13], and image retouching [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22], format based techniques [23][24][25][26], camera based techniques [27,28], physical based techniques [29][30][31][32][33][34][35], and geometric based techniques [36,37]. These techniques are computationally expensive and time consuming and are not commonly used.…”