Sweat and Sodium Losses in NCAA Football Players: A Precursor to Heat Cramps?

Stofan, John R.; Zachwieja, Jeffrey J.; Horswill, Craig A.; Murray, Robert; Anderson, Scott; Eichner, E. Randy

doi:10.1123/ijsnem.15.6.641

Cited by 104 publications

(128 citation statements)

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“…1,7 The decrease in plasma Na þ content observed in the first 65 minutes postingestion was likely due to Na þ loss via exercise-induced sweating. We observed an increase in plasma Na þ content change from 30 to 65 minutes in the 2-bolus condition that was not observed in the 0-or 1-bolus condition.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Plasma Na þ content returns to baseline faster when 2 boluses are ingested than when 1 bolus is ingested. Therefore, if cramping is due to Na þ loss 5,7 and if athletes have average sweat Na þ concentration and intend to replace Na þ by ingesting PJ, 13 they must consume more than 1 mLÁkg À1 BW of PJ. However, the prolonged delay in the increased Na þ content suggests that ingesting PJ to increase Na þ content to treat an acute cramp would be an ineffective strategy.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, Na þ losses are thought to increase the risk for developing exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMC). [4][5][6][7] A number of authors [5][6][7][8] have made recommendations for Na þ replacement for athletes. The National Athletic Trainers' Association 6 recommended adding 0.3 to 0.7 g of Na þ to every liter of rehydration drink to offset Na þ losses due to sweating.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Plasma and Electrolyte Changes in Exercising Humans After Ingestion of Multiple Boluses of Pickle Juice

McKenney

Miller

Deal

et al. 2015

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Twenty-five percent of athletic trainers administer pickle juice (PJ) to treat cramping. Anecdotally, some clinicians provide multiple boluses of PJ during exercise but warn that repeated ingestion of PJ may cause hyperkalemia. To our knowledge, no researchers have examined the effect of ingesting multiple boluses of PJ on the same day or the effect of ingestion during exercise.Objective: To determine the short-term effects of ingesting a single bolus or multiple boluses of PJ on plasma variables and to characterize changes in plasma variables when individuals ingest PJ and resume exercise.Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Nine euhydrated men (age ¼ 23 6 4 years, height ¼ 180.9 6 5.8 cm, mass ¼ 80.7 6 13.8 kg, urine specific gravity ¼ 1.009 6 0.005).Intervention(s): On 3 days, participants rested for 30 minutes, and then a blood sample was collected. Participants ingested 0 or 1 bolus (1 mLÁkg À1 body weight) of PJ, donned sweat suits, biked vigorously for 30 minutes (approximate temperature ¼ 378C, relative humidity ¼ 18%), and had a blood sample collected. They either rested for 60 seconds (0-and 1-bolus conditions) or ingested a second 1 mLÁkg À1 body weight bolus of PJ (2-bolus condition). They resumed exercise for another 35 minutes. A third blood sample was collected, and they exited the environmental chamber and rested for 60 minutes (approximate temperature ¼ 218C, relative humidity ¼ 18%). Blood samples were collected at 30 and 60 minutes postexercise.Main Outcome Measure(s): Plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, and changes in plasma volume.Results: The number of PJ boluses ingested did not affect plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, or changes in plasma volume over time. The plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, and plasma osmolality did not exceed 144.6 mEqÁL À1 (144.6 mmolÁL À1 ), 4.98 mEqÁL À1 (4.98 mmolÁL À1 ), and 289.5 mOsmÁkg À1 H 2 O, respectively, in any condition at any time. Conclusions: Ingesting up to 2 boluses of PJ and resuming exercise caused negligible changes in blood variables. Ingesting up to 2 boluses of PJ did not increase plasma sodium concentration or cause hyperkalemia.

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Plasma and Electrolyte Changes in Exercising Humans After Ingestion of Multiple Boluses of Pickle Juice

McKenney

Miller

Deal

et al. 2015

Journal of Athletic Training

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“…Intervention(s): Resting blood samples were collected preingestion (20.5 minutes); immediately postingestion (0 minutes); and at 1,5,10,15,20,25,30, 45, and 60 minutes postingestion of 1 mL/kg body mass of pickle juice, CHO-e drink, or tap water.…”

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confidence: 99%

Electrolyte and Plasma Changes After Ingestion of Pickle Juice, Water, and a Common Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solution

Miller

Mack

Knight

2009

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Health care professionals advocate that athletes who are susceptible to exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMCs) should moderately increase their fluid and electrolyte intake by drinking sport drinks. Some clinicians have also claimed drinking small volumes of pickle juice effectively relieves acute EAMCs, often alleviating them within 35 seconds. Others fear ingesting pickle juice will enhance dehydration-induced hypertonicity, thereby prolonging dehydration.Objective: To determine if ingesting small quantities of pickle juice, a carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-e) drink, or water increases plasma electrolytes or other selected plasma variables.Design: Crossover study. Setting: Exercise physiology laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Nine euhydrated, healthy men (age 5 25 6 2 years, height 5 179.4 6 7.2 cm, mass 5 86.3 6 15.9 kg) completed the study.Intervention(s): Resting blood samples were collected preingestion (20.5 minutes); immediately postingestion (0 minutes); and at 1,5,10,15,20,25,30, 45, and 60 minutes postingestion of 1 mL/kg body mass of pickle juice, CHO-e drink, or tap water.Main Outcome Measure(s): Plasma sodium concentration, plasma magnesium concentration, plasma calcium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, and changes in plasma volume were analyzed. Urine specific gravity, osmolality, and volume were also measured to characterize hydration status.Results: Mean fluid intake was 86.3 6 16.7 mL. Plasma sodium concentration, plasma magnesium concentration, plasma calcium concentration, plasma osmolality, and plasma volume did not change during the 60 minutes after ingestion of each fluid (P $ .05). Water ingestion slightly decreased plasma potassium concentration at 60 minutes (0.21 6 0.14 mg/dL [0.21 6 0.14 mmol/L]; P # .05).Conclusions: At these volumes, ingestion of pickle juice and CHO-e drink did not cause substantial changes in plasma electrolyte concentrations, plasma osmolality, or plasma volume in rested, euhydrated men. Concern that ingesting these volumes of pickle juice might exacerbate an athlete's risk of dehydration-induced hypertonicity may be unwarranted. If EAMCs are caused by large electrolyte loss due to sweating, these volumes of pickle juice or CHO-e drink are unlikely to restore any deficit incurred by exercise.

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“…The other major electrolytes, particularly K, Mg and Ca, are present in abundance in fruit and fruit juices. Salt or mineral supplements are not normally necessary, though some cases of muscle cramp may be associated with high salt losses and may be prevented by ingestion of drinks with moderate-high salt content (38) . Although the focus of most research on hydration and exercise has been on performance outcomes, this is of little relevance to the majority of active individuals who exercise for enjoyment or health reasons.…”

Section: Hydrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition for sports performance: issues and opportunities

Maughan

Shirreffs

2011

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Diet can significantly influence athletic performance, but recent research developments have substantially changed our understanding of sport and exercise nutrition. Athletes adopt various nutritional strategies in training and competition in the pursuit of success. The aim of training is to promote changes in the structure and function of muscle and other tissues by selective modulation of protein synthesis and breakdown in response to the training stimulus. This process is affected by the availability of essential amino acids in the post-exercise period. Athletes have been encouraged to eat diets high in carbohydrate, but low-carbohydrate diets up-regulate the capacity of muscle for fat oxidation, potentially sparing the limited carbohydrate stores. Such diets, however, do not enhance endurance performance. It is not yet known whether the increased capacity for fat oxidation that results from training in a carbohydrate-deficient state can promote loss of body fat. Preventing excessive fluid deficits will maintain exercise capacity, and ensuring adequate hydration status can also reduce subjective perception of effort. This latter effect may be important in encouraging exercise participation and promoting adherence to exercise programmes. Dietary supplement use is popular in sport, and a few supplements may improve performance in specific exercise tasks. Athletes must be cautious, however, not to contravene the doping regulations. There is an increasing recognition of the role of the brain in determining exercise performance: various nutritional strategies have been proposed, but with limited success. Nutrition strategies developed for use by athletes can also be used to achieve functional benefits in other populations.

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Sweat and Sodium Losses in NCAA Football Players: A Precursor to Heat Cramps?

Cited by 104 publications

References 18 publications

Plasma and Electrolyte Changes in Exercising Humans After Ingestion of Multiple Boluses of Pickle Juice

Plasma and Electrolyte Changes in Exercising Humans After Ingestion of Multiple Boluses of Pickle Juice

Electrolyte and Plasma Changes After Ingestion of Pickle Juice, Water, and a Common Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solution

Nutrition for sports performance: issues and opportunities

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