Swimming and bone: Is low bone mass due to hypogravity alone or does other physical activity influence it?

Gómez-Bruton, Alejandro; González-Agüero, Alejandro; Gómez-Cabello, Alba; Matute-Llorente, Ángel; Vicente-Rodríguez, Germán

doi:10.1007/s00198-015-3448-8

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The results observed in this study are similar to those obtained by Gómez-Bruton et al, 5 who also compared swimmers with their non-athlete peers. As in the current study, the authors found that BMD results between men and women were similar, yet the BMD levels of the arms and spine of the athletes were higher than those of the non-athletes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Results of the regional and total BMD of athletes of both sexes. important to emphasize that most of the studies indicated showed that swimming has negative or neutral impacts 5,15,25 on BMD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…4,6-10 On the other hand, exercises or sports that do not require bodyweight bearing or significant compressive loads, such as swimming and cycling, are associated with lower BMD. 3,6,[11][12][13] Gómez-Bruton et al 5 observed that, in the same way as in the absence of gravity, as with space travel, due to microgravity, swimming has no major osteogenic effects. However, this viewpoint is not consensual.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Due to the importance of the difficulty in controlling and maintaining calcium stores in the body, as is the case during menopause or with aging, the possible and different interventions that effectively help maintain or improve BMD levels take on increasing importance. 5 In terms of mechanical stimuli, physical activity, especially activities that promote tension, traction or compression loads, is one of the main nonpharmacological resources used to stimulate osteogenesis. 3 Thus, a growing body of research has shown that people who engage in sports that promote own bodyweight bearing (compressive loads) and/or impacts, associated with muscle contractions (tension loads), such as during running and weightlifting, among others, have higher BMD levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Swimming and Bone Mineral Density: A Sport Without Osteogenic Stimulation?

Albuquerque

Geraldes

Rangoussis

et al. 2020

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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Introduction: The osteogenic effects generated by different sports are the subject of a growing number of research projects. Regular physical activity is one of the main recommendations for the stimulation of bone mineral density (BMD). However, evidence has shown that not all physical activities promote similar effects. In this context, the osteogenic effects of swimming need to be clarified. Objective: To verify and compare total and regional BMD levels between male and female swimming athletes and university non-athletes. Methods: The sample, composed of 60 participants of both sexes, was divided into two groups: 30 swimming athletes (GA): 15 men (22.2 ± 3.92 years; 73.61 ± 16.55 kg; 1.76 ± 0.08 m) and 15 women (21.91 ± 2.21 years; 53.15 ± 8.36 kg; 1.64 ± 0.06 m) and a control group (CG): 30 university non-athletes: 15 men (20.73 ± 1.27 years; 74.4 ± 5.54 kg, 1.74 ± 0.04 m) and 15 women (19.93 ± 2.05 years; 59.72 ± 1.33 kg; 1.63 ± 0.004 m). BMD (total, arms, legs, pelvis and spine) was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The results were compared with one-way ANOVA using Scheffé's post hoc test, when necessary. Results: When compared with the women, the men of both groups presented superior results for all BMD values analyzed. In addition, GA had higher BMD of arms and spine when compared to the CG, both for males (p = 0.016 and p = 0.001, respectively) and females (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.011, respectively). Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that young male adults, athletes and non-athletes, present higher levels of BMD than their peers of the opposite sex. In addition, the results suggest that when undertaken for competitive purposes and with a weekly training volume of 12 hours or more, swimming may be beneficial for the bone development of young athletes when compared to non-athlete controls. Level of evidence III; Retrospective comparative study.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Swimming and Bone Mineral Density: A Sport Without Osteogenic Stimulation?

Albuquerque

Geraldes

Rangoussis

et al. 2020

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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“…[ 16 ] In fact, swimming in "hypogravity" conditions has potential to decrease the bone formation because it decreases the time engaged in weight-bearing activities usually observed in the daily activities of adolescents. [ 17 18 ] Therefore, adolescents engaged in organized sports who compete at the national levels would be more exposed to these deleterious effects, because they are engaged in long routines of training during most part of the year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged Practice of Swimming Is Negatively Related to Bone Mineral Density Gains in Adolescents

et al. 2016

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BackgroundThe practice of swimming in "hypogravity" conditions has potential to decrease bone formation because it decreases the time engaged in weight-bearing activities usually observed in the daily activities of adolescents. Therefore, adolescents competing in national levels would be more exposed to these deleterious effects, because they are engaged in long routines of training during most part of the year. To analyze the effect of swimming on bone mineral density (BMD) gain among adolescents engaged in national level competitions during a 9-month period.MethodsFifty-five adolescents; the control group contained 29 adolescents and the swimming group was composed of 26 athletes. During the cohort study, BMD, body fat (BF) and fat free mass (FFM) were assessed using a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scanner. Body weight was measured with an electronic scale, and height was assessed using a stadiometer.ResultsDuring the follow-up, swimmers presented higher gains in FFM (Control 2.35 kg vs. Swimming 5.14 kg; large effect size [eta-squared (ES-r)=0.168]) and BMD-Spine (Swimming 0.087 g/cm2 vs. Control 0.049 g/cm2; large effect size [ES-r=0.167]) compared to control group. Male swimmers gained more FFM (Male 10.63% vs. Female 3.39%) and BMD-Spine (Male 8.47% vs. Female 4.32%) than females. Longer participation in swimming negatively affected gains in upper limbs among males (r=-0.438 [-0.693 to -0.085]), and in spine among females (r=-0.651 [-0.908 to -0.036]).ConclusionsOver a 9-month follow-up, BMD and FFM gains were more evident in male swimmers, while longer engagement in swimming negatively affected BMD gains, independently of sex.

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Aging and Physiological Lessons from Master Athletes

Tanaka

Tarumi

Rittweger

2019

Comprehensive Physiology

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Sedentary aging is often characterized by physical dysfunction and chronic degenerative diseases. In contrast, masters athletes demonstrate markedly greater physiological function and more favorable levels of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, frailty, and cognitive dysfunction than their sedentary counterparts. In many cases, age-related deteriorations of physiological functions as well as elevations in risk factors that are typically observed in sedentary adults are substantially attenuated or even absent in masters athletes. Older masters athletes possess greater functional capacity at any given age than their sedentary peers. Impressive profiles of older athletes provide insight into what is possible in human aging and place aging back into the domain of "physiology" rather than under the jurisdiction of "clinical medicine." In addition, these exceptional aging athletes can serve as a role model for the promotion of physical activity at all ages. The study of masters athletes has provided useful insight into the positive example of successful aging. To further establish and propagate masters athletics as a role model for our aging society, future research and action are needed.

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Swimming and bone: Is low bone mass due to hypogravity alone or does other physical activity influence it?

Abstract: Swimming may displace weight-bearing VPA with serious implications on bone health.

Cited by 17 publications

References 35 publications

Swimming and Bone Mineral Density: A Sport Without Osteogenic Stimulation?

Swimming and Bone Mineral Density: A Sport Without Osteogenic Stimulation?

Prolonged Practice of Swimming Is Negatively Related to Bone Mineral Density Gains in Adolescents

Aging and Physiological Lessons from Master Athletes

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