Swimming pool water—fractionation and genotoxicological characterization of organic constituents

Glauner, Thomas; Waldmann, Petra; Frimmel, Fritz H.; Zwiener, Christian

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2005.09.005

Cited by 66 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…However, recent research has shown that other chlorinated molecules such as cyanogen halides, HAAs and HANs (Glauner et al, 2005;Zwiener et al, 2007) are much more relevant DBPs in the pool water since they are directly linked to cancer risk and are generally more toxic than the regulated DBPs. The cyto-and genotoxic potency of HANs is higher than HAAs which is higher than THMs .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particles in swimming pool filters – Does pH determine the DBP formation?

et al. 2012

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The formation was investigated for different groups of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination of filter particles from swimming pools at different pH values and the toxicity was estimated. Specifically, the formation of the DBP group trihalomethanes (THMs), which is regulated in many countries, and the non-regulated haloacetic acids (HAAs) and haloacetonitriles (HANs) were investigated at 6.0 ≤ pH ≤ 8.0, under controlled chlorination conditions. The investigated particles were collected from a hot tub with a drum micro filter. In two series of experiments with either constant initial active or initial free chlorine concentrations the particles were chlorinated at different pH values in the relevant range for swimming pools. THM and HAA formations were reduced by decreasing pH while HAN formation increased with decreasing pH. Based on the organic content the relative DBP formation from the particles was higher than previously reported for body fluid analogue and filling water. The genotoxicity and cytotoxicity estimated from formation of DBPs from the treated particle suspension increased with decreasing pH. Among the quantified DBP groups the HANs were responsible for the majority of the toxicity from the measured DBPs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particles in swimming pool filters – Does pH determine the DBP formation?

et al. 2012

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“…Ozone has been and is profitably employed either as a gas (oxygen + ozone), which is either used to potabilize water (Joss et al 2008), to disinfect swimming pool water (Glauner et al 2005), to sterilize gas-tight closed rooms, or contained in an ozone-resistant bag saturated with water vapour to increase effectiveness, or as ozonated-bidistilledwater or saline for topical use, or as ozonated oils for the treatment of wounds, anaerobic infections, trophic ulcers and burns. Abscesses, anal fissures bed sores, fistulae, furunculosis, chronic osteomyelitis, peritonitis, vulvovaginitis and other chronic infections have been shown to improve rapidly because the ozonated solutions display a cleansing effect and act as a potent disinfectant able to kill antibiotic-resistant or anaerobic bacteria (Steinhart et al 1999;Nagayoshi et al 2004;Bocci 1999Bocci , 2006.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How much ozone bactericidal activity is compromised by plasma components?

Burgassi

Zanardi

Travagli

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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Aims: Evaluation of bactericidal effect of different concentrations of ozone\ud when used (a) as a gas, or (b) dissolved in saline. The addition of hydrogen\ud peroxide or 4-hydroxynonenal dissolved in saline was also tested, as well as the\ud effect of human plasma.\ud Methods and Results: Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus\ud (MRSA), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, suspended in their culture media were\ud tested. While all bacteria suspended in protein-free saline were killed at high\ud ozone concentrations, they survived when as little as 5% human plasma was\ud present. Hydrogen peroxide was 100-fold less active than ozone and needed to\ud remain in contact with bacteria for at least 60 min. 4-hydroxynonenal\ud (2 lmol l)1) was inhibitory for proliferation of both Staph. aureus and MRSA,\ud but not for Ps. aeruginosa.\ud Conclusions: Ozone and the cascade of its derivative products are potent bactericidal\ud agents, but even small amounts of human plasma, hence of hydro- and\ud liposoluble antioxidants, in bacterial suspensions inhibit oxidation and protect\ud bacteria.\ud Significance and Impact of the Study: Any substantial in vivo cytocidal effect\ud of ozone and its derivatives can be excluded. On the other hand, topical and\ud continuous action of various ozone preparations remains valuable in a variety\ud of skin and mucosal infections

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“…However, recently other chlorinated DBPs such as cyanogen halides, HAAs and HANs (Glauner et al, 2005;Zwiener et al, 2007) has been shown to be far more dangerous for human health since they are directly linked to cancer risk and are generally more toxic than the regulated DBPs. The cytoand genotoxic potency of HANs is higher than for HAAs which is higher than for THMs .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of pH on the formation of disinfection byproducts in swimming pool water – Is less THM better?

et al. 2012

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This study investigated the formation and predicted toxicity of different groups of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from human exudates in relation to chlorination of pool water at different pH values. Specifically, the formation of the DBP groups trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs) and trichloramine (NCl 3 ), resulting from the chlorination of body fluid analog, were investigated at 6.0 ≤ pH ≤ 8.0. Either the initial concentration of active chorine or free chlorine was kept constant in the tested pH range. THM formation was reduced by decreasing pH but HAN, and NCl 3 formation increased at decreasing pH whereas the formation of HAAs remained constant. Under our experimental conditions, the formation of NCl 3 (suspected asthma inducing compound) at pH = 6.0 was an order of magnitude higher than at pH = 7.5. Furthermore, the effect of the presence of bromide on DBP formation was investigated and found to follow the same pH dependency as without bromide present, with the overall DBP formation increasing, except for HAAs. Estimation of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of the chlorinated human exudates showed that among the quantified DBP groups, HAN formation were responsible for the majority of the toxicity from the measured DBPs in both absence and presence of bromide.

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Swimming pool water—fractionation and genotoxicological characterization of organic constituents

Cited by 66 publications

References 17 publications

Particles in swimming pool filters – Does pH determine the DBP formation?

Particles in swimming pool filters – Does pH determine the DBP formation?

How much ozone bactericidal activity is compromised by plasma components?

Effect of pH on the formation of disinfection byproducts in swimming pool water – Is less THM better?

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