Swine influenza virus: Current status and challenge

Ma, Wenjun

doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198118

Cited by 84 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 119 publications

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“…Swine influenza viruses are highly genetically diverse and distributed worldwide in pigs. These pathogens cause significant losses to the porcine industry and pose a continuous threat to both human and animal health due to the difficulty of formulating a universal effective vaccine to control disease [ 47 ]. Nowadays, the most extended vaccination strategies used against SIV are based on attenuated and inactivated vaccines that do not provide full protection against infection [ 19 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and Characterization of Swine Influenza Virus H1N1 Variants Generated in Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated, Challenged Pigs

López-Valiñas

Sisteré-Oró

López-Serrano

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Influenza viruses represent a continuous threat to both animal and human health. The 2009 H1N1 A influenza pandemic highlighted the importance of a swine host in the adaptation of influenza viruses to humans. Nowadays, one of the most extended strategies used to control swine influenza viruses (SIVs) is the trivalent vaccine application, whose formulation contains the most frequently circulating SIV subtypes H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2. These vaccines do not provide full protection against the virus, allowing its replication, evolution, and adaptation. To better understand the main mechanisms that shape viral evolution, here, the SIV intra-host diversity was analyzed in samples collected from both vaccinated and nonvaccinated animals challenged with the H1N1 influenza A virus. Twenty-eight whole SIV genomes were obtained by next-generation sequencing, and differences in nucleotide variants between groups were established. Substitutions were allocated along all influenza genetic segments, while the most relevant nonsynonymous substitutions were allocated in the NS1 protein on samples collected from vaccinated animals, suggesting that SIV is continuously evolving despite vaccine application. Moreover, new viral variants were found in both vaccinated and nonvaccinated pigs, showing relevant substitutions in the HA, NA, and NP proteins, which may increase viral fitness under field conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and Characterization of Swine Influenza Virus H1N1 Variants Generated in Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated, Challenged Pigs

López-Valiñas

Sisteré-Oró

López-Serrano

et al. 2021

Viruses

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“…Swine influenza viruses (mainly type A) are able to cause respiratory disease in pigs worldwide, that can lead to 10–15% mortality [ 68 ]. Influenza disease in pigs is highly contagious with no evident clinical signs or mild to moderate ones characterized by runny nose and coughing [ 69 ].…”

Section: S Suis and Viral Mixed And/or Co-infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Influenza disease in pigs is highly contagious with no evident clinical signs or mild to moderate ones characterized by runny nose and coughing [ 69 ]. Swine influenza causes significant economic losses primarily due to weight loss, though some cases may be much more severe in co-infection with other pathogens, such as M. hyopneumoniae , PRRSV and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae [ 68 ]. The three main SIV subtypes encountered in pigs are H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2, and since 2009, the pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) has also been circulating in domestic pigs worldwide [ 70 ].…”

Section: S Suis and Viral Mixed And/or Co-infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of the speculative role of co-infections in Streptococcus suis-associated diseases in pigs

Obradović

Segura

Segalés

et al. 2021

Vet Res

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Streptococcus suis is one of the most important bacterial swine pathogens affecting post-weaned piglets, causing mainly meningitis, arthritis and sudden death. It not only results in severe economic losses but also raises concerns over animal welfare and antimicrobial resistance and remains an important zoonotic agent in some countries. The definition and diagnosis of S. suis-associated diseases can be complex. Should S. suis be considered a primary or secondary pathogen? The situation is further complicated when referring to respiratory disease, since the pathogen has historically been considered as a secondary pathogen within the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Is S. suis a respiratory or strictly systemic pathogen? S. suis is a normal inhabitant of the upper respiratory tract, and the presence of potentially virulent strains alone does not guarantee the appearance of clinical signs. Within this unclear context, it has been largely proposed that co-infection with some viral and bacterial pathogens can significantly influence the severity of S. suis-associated diseases and may be the key to understanding how the infection behaves in the field. In this review, we critically addressed studies reporting an epidemiological link (mixed infections or presence of more than one pathogen at the same time), as well as in vitro and in vivo studies of co-infection of S. suis with other pathogens and discussed their limitations and possibilities for improvement and proposed recommendations for future studies.

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“…Additionally, mutations are required to increase virus replication in both cell culture and animal models, suggesting that additional and critical mutations through a long-term evolution are needed to adapt other species. Reassortment between different subtypes or strains of IAVs is a powerful evolutionary mechanism to cross species barriers and to generate potential pandemic viruses, which led to three (1957 Asian Flu H2N2, 1968 Hong Kong flu H3N2 and 2009 pandemic H1N1) of four pandemic influenza viruses [ 55 ]. So far, available evidence shows no reassortment between bat and conventional IAVs [ 56 , 57 , 58 ] due to multiple reasons: (i) the packing signals are different in each gene segment between bat and conventional IAVs, which makes cross matching unlikely, thereby failing to incorporate the viral genome into progeny virions [ 56 , 57 ]; (ii) NP protein is responsible to mediate packaging eight genome segments into viral particles.…”

Section: Zoonotic Potential Of Bat Influenza Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bat Influenza Viruses: Current Status and Perspective

Yang

Schountz

2021

Viruses

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Bats are natural reservoirs for many viruses, including several that are zoonotic. Two unusual H17N10 and H18N11 influenza viruses have been found in New World bats. Although neither of these viruses have been isolated, infectious clone technology has permitted significant progress to understand their biology, which include unique features compared to all other known influenza A viruses. In addition, an H9N2-like influenza A virus was isolated from Old World bats and it shows similar characteristics of normal influenza A viruses. In this review, current status and perspective on influenza A viruses identified in bats is reviewed and discussed.

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Swine influenza virus: Current status and challenge

Cited by 84 publications

References 119 publications

Identification and Characterization of Swine Influenza Virus H1N1 Variants Generated in Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated, Challenged Pigs

Identification and Characterization of Swine Influenza Virus H1N1 Variants Generated in Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated, Challenged Pigs

Review of the speculative role of co-infections in Streptococcus suis-associated diseases in pigs

Bat Influenza Viruses: Current Status and Perspective

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