“…Further, student views of expected outcomes of physical education, and the knowledge produced through participation in physical education (Quennerstedt, 2013), can be quite different from learning outcomes stated in the official curriculum. The lack of alignment and the connected problems for validity and equality in assessments, most often with a reference to Bernstein's (1975) three message systems (curriculum, pedagogy and assessment), is well documented in physical education (Annerstedt & Larsson, 2010;Hay & Macdonald, 2008;Redelius, Fagrell, & Larsson, 2009;Redelius & Hay, 2009). Conscious that the question of validity and the AfL strategies employed are dependent of both the actual curriculum, and the wider political, social and cultural contexts, the next section provides a brief presentation of educational assessment and physical education in Norway in a bid to set the context of the study.…”