Symmetric Cryptography With a Chaotic Map and a Multilayer Machine Learning Network for Physiological Signal Infosecurity: Case Study in Electrocardiogram

Abstract

Digital physiological signals in telecare medicine information systems have been widely applied in remote medical applications, such as telecare, tele-examination, and telediagnosis, via computer networking transmission or wireless communication. However, these medical records need to ensure authorization demands in the channel model for human body communication and remote medical servers and enhance the confidentiality, recoverability, and availability of transmission data. Hence, this study proposes a symmetric cryptography scheme with a chaotic map and a multilayer machine learning network (MMLN) to achieve physiological signal infosecurity. A chaotic pseudorandom number generator within specific control parameters can dynamically produce unordered sequence numbers to set the secret keys for a regular secret key update, thereby improving the security of private cipher codes. The chaotic map is quickly iterated to produce a pseudorandom key stream for real-time applications, and the private cipher codes are selected using the initial and specific control parameters at the data emitter and receiver ends. A general regression neural network is used to map the highdimensional input-output pair of cipher codes for substitution and permutation processes. Its adaptive MMLN with an optimization algorithm can rapidly train the random cipher code protocol to achieve an encryptor and a decryptor for a regular encrypted communication. Using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Beth Israel Hospital (MIT-BIH) Arrhythmia Database, 100 electrocardiogram fragments are used to verify the proposed model, and the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) as a quantitative quality metric is used to evaluate the visual quality after encryption and decryption processes for further diagnosis applications. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme has a higher mean PSNR (35.26  3.77 dB) and shorter mean executing time (0.16  0.01 s) compared with traditional cryptography protocol schemes.

Challenges and Developments in Secure Routing Protocols for Healthcare in WBAN: A Comparative Analysis

“…To provide security to ECG signals, Lin et al [ 75 ] proposed a Multilayer Machine Learning Network (MMLN) and chaotic map that updates the network weights using back-propagation algorithm in Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MPNN). The authors identified that symmetric cryptographic protocols are prone to active and passive hacker attacks.…”

“…This framework allowed the complex and random key generations in AES without giving any consideration to the energy consumption parameter, thus ignoring one of the key constraints of WBAN. The key challenge for [ 75 ] is to secure ECG signal with the usage of GRNN and MPNN by keeping high PSNR.…”

Intelligent Symmetric Cryptography With Chaotic Map and Quantum Based Key Generator for Medical Images Infosecurity

“…For random data substitution and permutation in a 1D signal and a 2D image, we can use the chaotic map to generate a 1D bifurcation and spatiotemporal diagram, as shown in Figure 1(a), for randomly selecting chaotic sequences on the specific interval, such as sine-/ cosinepower maps, circle maps, tent maps, and logistic maps [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Its bifurcation points and chaotic trajectories can be controlled by the appropriate initial condition and control parameters.…”

“…In recent years, some studies [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] have been developed for medical signal and image cryptographic applications using chaotic maps, including sine/cosine-power maps, circle maps, tent maps, and logistic maps. Chaos-based pseudorandom numbers are generated by a onedimensional (1D) chaotic map or a multi-dimensional (2D or 3D) chaotic system with the initial condition and control parameters in specific chaotic ranges, which have promising randomness properties and security levels.…”

“…In the substitution strategy, traditional methods, such as shift cipher, affine cipher, exclusive (XOR), Hill cipher, Playfair cipher, and hash function methods, may be easily broken by brute force or statistical attack. Hence, they can combine a multi-round cryptography protocol to improve security level [13]. The substitution method can also use chaotic sequences to change the pixel values of plain images.…”