Symmetry in the front crawl stroke of different skill level of able-bodied and disabled swimmers

Santos, Karini Borges dos; Bento, Paulo César Baraúce; Payton, Carl J.; Rodacki, André Luíz Félix

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229918

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The relative % difference between body sides has been widely used in the literature (10)(11)(12). However, many studies have used the 10% cutoff value as a "warning signal" about the presence of asymmetries (3,44,71), which also seems to be an arbitrary value to select. It is more common to find meaningful asymmetries when using statistical tests because they use the raw individual limb scores.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another potential reason for asymmetries in swimming is arm dominance (5,38), whereby one limb may be able to apply more force than the other (5,35,65). Some authors have suggested that the dominant limb is likely responsible for more force production during the stroke, with the nondominant arm having a greater focus on control and support (25,35,71,74).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three studies examined the influence of asymmetries on swimming performance by comparing the magnitude of the asymmetries between the groups with different performances or comparing the performance between the groups with different asymmetry values (.10% ,). In 2 studies, no differences were seen in asymmetries values between the groups with different 50-m front crawl performance or on the technical index (1,000 3 [world record/swimmer time] 3 ) between the groups with different asymmetry values, suggesting that asymmetries were not detrimental to performance in swimming (54,71). One study found that athletes with better 200m front crawl performance presented less peak and mean force asymmetries.…”

Section: Influence Of Asymmetry On Swimming Performancementioning

confidence: 98%

“…Only 4 of the 24 studies that measured asymmetries during in-water tests did not use statistical tests to determine whether any bilateral differences were present. Two studies used relative (%) differences between the limbs to calculate asymmetries and found a value range of 2.7-60.0% (38,71). The other 2 studies presented asymmetries using absolute between-limb differences, presented through curve graphics (57,77).…”

Section: In-water Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interlimb Asymmetries in Swimming and Their Impact on Performance: Evidence From a Scoping Review

Knihs¹,

Bishop

Zimmermann

et al. 2023

Strength &Amp; Conditioning Journal

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The objectives of this review were to (a) map the studies analyzing bilateral asymmetries in specific (in-water tests) and nonspecific (dry-land tests) swimming contexts and (b) investigate the effects of interlimb asymmetries on swimming performance. Searches were systematically conducted on 4 databases. Of 768 studies examined, 60 were eligible for the final selection (https://osf.io/46gya). Twenty-eight studies analyzed asymmetries during in-water tests, with asymmetry values ranging from 2.7 to 60.0%, and most studies (n = 18) reported significant between-limb differences (p < 0.05). Asymmetries were also analyzed during dry-land tests in 24 studies, with asymmetry values ranging from 1.1 to 16.6%. Interestingly, most of these studies (n = 12) did not verify any significant between-limb differences (p > 0.05). Eight studies measured asymmetries in both contexts and reported asymmetry values from −24.1–17.4%, with 4 studies finding significant differences between body sides (p < 0.05). Seven of the 60 studies selected investigated the relationship between asymmetries and swimming performance, with 5 reporting no meaningful associations. In conclusion, significant asymmetries in swimming are more evident during in-water than during dry-land tests. In addition, the few studies investigating asymmetries' influence on swimming performance reported that asymmetries rarely impact swimming performance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Influence Of Asymmetry On Swimming Performancementioning

confidence: 98%

Section: In-water Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Interlimb Asymmetries in Swimming and Their Impact on Performance: Evidence From a Scoping Review

Knihs¹,

Bishop

Zimmermann

et al. 2023

Strength &Amp; Conditioning Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The swimmers were front crawl specialists, even if some of them were not sprinters. Their average technical index was considered high (612 ± 43) (Santos et al, 2020).…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Electromyography Spectral Parameters for the Study of Muscle Fatigue in Swimming

Puce¹,

Pallecchi²,

Marinelli³

et al. 2021

Front. Sports Act. Living

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The purpose of this study was to assess validity, stability and sensitivity, of 4 spectral parameters–median frequency (Fmed), mean frequency (Fmean), Dimitrov index (DI), and mean instant frequency (Fmi)–in measuring localized muscle fatigue in swimming and to investigate their correlation with the variations of kinematic data and mechanical fatigue. Electrophysiological measures of muscle fatigue were obtained in real-time during a 100 m front crawl test at maximum speed in 15 experienced swimmers, using surface electromyography in six muscles employed in front crawl, while kinematic data of swimming was measured from video analysis. Mechanical fatigue was measured as the difference between muscle strength prior to and immediately after the 100 m front crawl in a dry-land multi-stage isometric contraction test. Statistically significant fatigue (p < 0.0001) was found for all spectral parameters in all muscles. Fmed and Fmean varied between 10 and 25%, DI between 50 and 150%, and Fmi between 5 and 10%. Strong correlation (Pearson r ≥ 0.5) with mechanical fatigue was found for all spectral parameters except for Fmi and it was strongest for Fmed and Fmean. From our study, it turns out that Fmed and Fmean are more valid and stable parameters to measure fatigue in swimming, while DI is more sensitive.

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Effect of breathing conditions on relationships between impairment, breathing laterality and coordination symmetry in elite para swimmers

Seifert,

Létocart,

Guignard

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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The aim was to investigate the effect of breathing conditions and swimming pace on the relationships between the impairment, the breathing laterality and motor coordination symmetry in elite front crawl Para swimmers. Fifteen elite Para swimmers with unilateral physical impairment or with visual impairment and unilateral breathing preference performed eight 25 m using four breathing conditions (every three strokes, every two strokes on preferred and non-preferred breathing side and apnea) at slow and fast paces in a randomized order. Multicamera video system and five sensors have been used to assess arm and leg stroke phases and to compute symmetry of arm coordination (SIIdC) and of leg kick rate (SIKR). Our findings emphasized motor coordination asymmetry whatever the breathing conditions and swimming paces, highlighting the influence of impairment. Multinomial logistic regression exhibited a high probability for motor coordination asymmetry (SIIdC and SIKR) to be present in categories of Para swimmers with impairment and breathing laterality on the same side, suggesting the joined effect of unilateral impairment and unilateral breathing. Moreover, unilateral physical impairment and breathing laterality could also occur on different sides and generate motor coordination asymmetry on different sides and different levels (arms vs. legs). Finally, visual impairment seems amplify the effect of unilateral breathing on motor coordination asymmetry.

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Symmetry in the front crawl stroke of different skill level of able-bodied and disabled swimmers

Cited by 7 publications

References 20 publications

Interlimb Asymmetries in Swimming and Their Impact on Performance: Evidence From a Scoping Review

Interlimb Asymmetries in Swimming and Their Impact on Performance: Evidence From a Scoping Review

Surface Electromyography Spectral Parameters for the Study of Muscle Fatigue in Swimming

Effect of breathing conditions on relationships between impairment, breathing laterality and coordination symmetry in elite para swimmers

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