(Symposium on Bacterial Spores: Paper XII) The Sporicidal Properties of Chemical Disinfectants

Sykes, G.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1970.tb05240.x

Cited by 48 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Ethanol is rapidly lethal to nonsporing bacteria when the alcohol is used at appropriate concentrations, but has no sporicidal activity (171,173). The addition of 1% sodium or potassium hydroxide, various acids, or 10% amylm-cresol to 70% alcohol is claimed to enhance sporicidal activity (208). Initial sporicidal activity of an ethanol-hypochlorite mixture is high but decreases on storage (40).…”

Section: Sporostatic and Sporicidal Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mode of action of iodine has, surprisingly, been little studied (173). It is considered to bind to bacterial protein (207,208), but this vague attribute does little to explain how it kills spores. Formaldehyde is considered (208) to be sporicidal because it can penetrate into the interior of the bacterial spore.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Sporicidal Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is considered to bind to bacterial protein (207,208), but this vague attribute does little to explain how it kills spores. Formaldehyde is considered (208) to be sporicidal because it can penetrate into the interior of the bacterial spore. This monoaldehyde is an extremely reactive chemical (173,179), combining with protein, RNA, and DNA, but the reasons for its sporicidal action remain somewhat obscure.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Sporicidal Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacterial spores and chemical sporicidal agents

1990

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Bacterial spores are among the most resistant of all living cells to biocides, although the response depends on the stage of sporulation. The development of resistance to some agents such as chlorhexidine occurs much earlier in sporulation than does resistance to glutaraldehyde, which is a very late event. During germination or outgrowth or both, resistance is lost and the cells become as susceptible to biocides as nonsporulating bacteria. Mechanisms of spore resistance to, and the action of, biocides are discussed, and possible means of enhancing antispore activity are considered. The clinical and other uses of sporicidal and sporostatic chemical agents are described.

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Section: Sporostatic and Sporicidal Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanisms Of Sporicidal Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanisms Of Sporicidal Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacterial spores and chemical sporicidal agents

1990

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“…The spores are capable of long dormancy and are resistant to heat and various chemicals Sykes, 1970 . Bacterial spores have caused many serious problems in food processing and medical treatment, such as food poisoning and infection Kasai et al, 2005;Kennedy et al, 2004;Viedma et al, 2011;Welt et al, 2003 .…”

Section: Chemiluminescence Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Sporicidal Characteristics of Heated Dolomite Powder against Bacillus subtilis Spores

et al. 2014

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“…Previous studies related to the permeability of dormant spores to disinfectants (Sykes, 1970;Thomas & Russell, 1974), polymyxin B (Tochikubo et al, 1986), lysozyme (Gould & Hitchins, 1963;Gould et al, 1970) and germinants (Koshikawa et al, 1984;Vary, 1973;Watabe et al, 1974) indicate that a spore coat or an outer pericortex membrane may play an important role as a penetration barrier. Moreover, indirect evidence for the existence of a penetration barrier at or near the outer edge of the cortex has been obtained by electron microscopy of unfixed spores embedded in methacrylate (Rode et al, 1962).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Permeability of dormant spores of Bacillus subtilis to malachite green and crystal violet

Kozuka

Tochikubo

1991

Journal of General Microbiology

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The permeability of dormant spores of Baciffus subtifis to malachite green (MG) and crystal violet (CV) was examined by using potassium trichloro(q2-ethylene)platinm(II) (KTR) as an electron-opaque marker for the dyes. The spores were treated with the dyes and other substances at 30 "C for 30 rnin or at 80 "C for 5 min. When the spores were incubated in 50 mM-MG solution at 30 "C and in 50 mM-CV solution at 30 "C or 80 "C, many small electron-dense precipitates, which were chemical complexes of dyes and platinum, were seen, mainly around the boundary between the inner and outer coat regions. The spores treated under the above conditions were not stained. Treatment with 50 mM-MG alone or a mixture of 25 mM-oxalic acid and 50 mM-CV at 80 "C made the spores stainable and dye-TPt precipitates were observed mainly in the outer pericortex region. Pretreatment with 25 mMoxalic acid and 5 % (v/v) phenol at 80 "C followed by 50 mM-CV treatment at 30 "C gave the same results as above.It was considered from these results that the inner coat itself might function as the primary permeability barrier to MG and CV, and that a secondary barrier to the dyes might exist around the cortex region. IntroductionBacterial endospores are well known for their extreme resistance and dormancy. Previous studies related to the permeability of dormant spores to disinfectants (Sykes, 1970; Thomas & Russell, 1974), polymyxin B (Tochikubo et al., 1986), lysozyme (Gould & Hitchins, 1963;Gould et al., 1970) and germinants (Koshikawa et al., 1984;Vary, 1973;Watabe et al., 1974) indicate that a spore coat or an outer pericortex membrane may play an important role as a penetration barrier. Moreover, indirect evidence for the existence of a penetration barrier at or near the outer edge of the cortex has been obtained by electron microscopy of unfixed spores embedded in methacrylate (Rode et al., 1962). Recently, we showed by immunoelectron microscopy that the permeability barrier of dormant spores of Bacillus subtilis to gentamicin was present outside the cortex (Tochikubo et al., 1988). Dormant spores cannot be stained by conventional methods for staining vegetative bacterial cells. Many investigators have noticed that acid treatment before staining (Fitz-James et al., 1954;Lechtman et al., 1965;Maneval, 1941;Robinow, 1951) during staining (Dorner, 1922 ;Dutton, 1928 ;May, 1926) is necessary to stain bacterial spores. In this paper, we report how far basic dyes can penetrate into B. subtilis spores and why the spores can be stained by the method of Schaeffer & Fulton (1933), which is a simplification of a method proposed by Wirtz (1908). MethodsDormant spores. Dormant spores of B. subtilis PCI 2 19, prepared by growing the organism on nutrient agar at 37 "C for 5 d, were harvested and washed five times with sterile deionized water by centrifugation.Treatment of dormant spores with dyes and other chemicals. Dormant spores (about 2 x lo9 ml-l) were suspended in an aqueous solution containing 50 mM-crystal violet hydrochloride (CV ; pH 3-9) or 50 mMm...

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(Symposium on Bacterial Spores: Paper XII) The Sporicidal Properties of Chemical Disinfectants

Cited by 48 publications

References 11 publications

Bacterial spores and chemical sporicidal agents

Bacterial spores and chemical sporicidal agents

Sporicidal Characteristics of Heated Dolomite Powder against Bacillus subtilis Spores

Permeability of dormant spores of Bacillus subtilis to malachite green and crystal violet

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