Symptomatic and functional outcome in youth at ultra-high risk for psychosis: A longitudinal study

What drives poor functioning in the at-risk mental state? A systematic review

“…However, due to rapid deterioration, functioning in these groups did not differ at study inception . This is consistent with research reporting no significant differences in global functioning between ARMS diagnostic sub-groups (Lemos-Giráldez et al, 2009).…”

“…Various cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have reported no significant sex differences in functioning Cornblatt et al, 2007;Lemos-Giráldez et al, 2009;Kim et al, 2013). However, the largest study to date reported significantly poorer social and role functioning in males .…”

Twelve-month psychosis-predictive value of the ultra-high risk criteria in children and adolescents

“…Thereby, the most substantial reduction in positive symptoms occurred within the first 2 years, while improvements in general, mood and anxiety symptoms occurred at a later stage. This might explain why most non-converters -even if remitted from UHR status -still suffered from mental, mainly affective and anxiety disorders, in particular at short-term follow-ups (Addington et al, 2011;de Wit et al, 2014;Haroun et al, 2006;Lemos-Giráldez et al, 2009;Lin et al, 2014).…”

“…Yet, a 3-year follow-up study of 77 adolescent non-converters reported good role and social functioning outcomes (defined by a score of '7' or higher on GF:Role or GF:Social) in at least two thirds that were significantly related to better baseline functioning (Carrión et al, 2013), and, consequently, did not necessarily indicate significant functional improvement. Thus, functioning in adolescents might be more persistently affected than in older UHR samples, as improvement in non-converting mixed adult-adolescent samples within 3-6 years were significant, particularly within the first year (Lemos-Giráldez et al, 2009;Velthorst et al, 2011Velthorst et al, , 2013. The factors contributing to a lesser functional impairment that might also be related to a longer DUI still need to be examined.…”

Sex differences in first-episode psychosis and in people at ultra-high risk

“…For this reason, sex differences might be less evident in UHR samples than in samples of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. Indeed, when investigated, no relevant sex differences were found in samples of patients diagnosed as ultra high risk (UHR) or with sub-threshold symptoms of psychosis (Johnstone et al, 2005;Willhite et al, 2008;Lemos-Giráldez et al, 2009;Ziermans et al, 2011;Rössler et al, 2012). Nevertheless, some studies reported sex differences in baseline social and role functioning among UHR people prior to psychosis onset (Statucka and Walder, 2013).…”