Synergism of transition metal (Co, Ni, Fe, Mn) nanoparticles and “active support” Fe3O4@C for catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol

Synthesis of bimetallic Co–Pt/cellulose nanocomposites for catalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol

“…05-0727). 42 Baye et al stated that the Co NPs formed from Co 2+ using NaBH 4 are amorphous in nature leading to the appearance of weak peaks for Co. 1 As per Polagani et al the absence of Co diffraction peaks can be caused by the formation of noble metal alloys with Co which is in accordance with Vegard's law. 43 Furthermore, in the XRD pattern of Co–Pt/CNFs at 2 θ = 22.49° a small hump was noticed related to the (200) plane of CNFs.…”

“…This is because both 4-nitrophenolate and BH 4 − ions possess a negative charge and thus they repel each other. 1 Moreover, the potential energy gap between the acceptor nitro (NO 2 ) group and BH 4 − is huge, making the p -NP reduction unlikely to happen even if it is thermodynamically viable. 44…”

“…The reduction of p -nitrophenol ( p -NP) is a noteworthy organic transformation reaction to its reduction product, p -aminophenol ( p -AP), as nitrophenols are the most frequently found recalcitrant pollutants in wastewater. 1 This is because of their involvement in the manufacturing of various herbicides, artificial dyes, and pesticides which makes them a by-product of the chemical and agriculture industries. 2 They exhibit extreme carcinogenic and mutagenic properties which lead to the impairment of kidney, liver and central nervous system function, and blood flow in humans and hence even a small quantity is highly lethal to mankind.…”

“…Due to these issues related to p -NP reduction, the presence of a catalyst to overcome all barriers is essential. 1,7,8 Nanomaterials have greatly influenced the field of catalysis and wastewater treatment due to their exceptional catalytic properties. 9 However, the stability of nanomaterials is still the focus of research when it comes to the field of catalysis.…”

“…Several inorganic and organic materials such as, graphene, 24 reduced graphene oxide 28,29 SiO 2 , 30 Fe 2 O 3 , 1 ZSME-5 zeolite, 31 Fe 3 O 4 (ref. 32) fibers, 12 chitosan/agar microcapsules, 33 CeO 2 , 6 and Co 3 O 4 (ref.…”