Synergistic effect of TEMPO-coated TiO2 nanorods for PDT applications in MCF-7 cell line model

Abstract

This study focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and assessment of the synergistic effect of 2,2,6,6, tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO)-coated titanium dioxide nanorods (TiO 2 NRs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Firstly, TiO 2 NRs were synthesized by the sol–gel technique. Then, TEMPO was grafted on TiO 2 NRs with the aid of oxoammonium salts. Next, the final product was characterized by applying manifold characterization techniques. X-ray diffraction was used to perform crystallographic analysis; transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to conduct morphological analysis; Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectra were recorded to perform molecular fingerprint analysis. Furthermore, experimental and empirical modeling was performed to confirm the suitability of as-prepared samples for PDT applications using (MCF-7 cell line) Human Breast Cancer cell line. Our results revealed that bare TiO 2 NRs did not exhibit a significant response for therapeutic applications compared to TEMPO-conjugated TiO 2 NRs in the dark; however, they exhibited a prominent response for the PDT application under UV-A light. Therefore, it is concluded that TEMPO-coated TiO 2 NRs shows the synergistic response for therapeutic approach under UV-A light irradiation. In addition, TEMPO capped TiO2 nanorods not only overcome the multidrug resistance (MDR) hindrance but also exhibit excellent response for cancer cell (MCF-7 cells) treatment only under UV light irradiation via PDT. It is expected that the proposed TiO 2 NRs + TEMPO nanocomposite, which is suitable for PDT treatment, may be essential for photodynamic therapy.

The role of metal ions in the occurrence, progression, drug resistance, and biological characteristics of gastric cancer

“…Lactoferrin-iron oxide nanoparticles (LF-IONPs) have also shown remarkable potential in the hyperthermia treatment of gastric cancer (Attri et al, 2023). Additionally, TiO2 nanorods coated with 2,2,6,6tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl, a ferroptosis inhibitor, exhibit the ability to eradicate MCF-7 cell lines while overcoming their multidrug resistance (Fakhar et al, 2020). In the context of gastric cancer treatment, a clinical study involving stage IIb gastric cancer patients and observed that the addition of Huai Er particles (60 mg/day) to Tegafur Gimeracil Oteracil potassium (TGOP, >120 mg/day) significantly improved the prognosis of gastric cancer patients.…”

Diverse biotechnological applications of multifunctional titanium dioxide nanoparticles: An up‐to‐date review

“…It was reported that TEMPO‐grafted TiO 2 NRs produced significant therapeutic response against human breast cancer cell line (MCF‐7) in combination with PDT under UV light as compared to TiO 2 NRs in dark. Also, this nanocomposite had overcome the hindrance of multidrug resistance (MDR) alongside the PDT treatment [ 37 ].…”

Red Phosphorus Decorated TiO2 Nanorod Mediated Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma

“…Such as 2,2,6,6, tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl and graphene. [22,23] The adoption of those excitants can significantly increase the mortality of cancer cells in vitro, but the improvements of TiO 2 still can hardly extend optical absorption to NIR, which means those improved TiO 2 can hardly kill deep cancer cells in vivo. Although some materials such as Au [24,25] and zinc phthalocyanine [26] can extend the optical absorption of TiO 2 to the NIR region, the addition of extra heavy metal elements may lead to unknown effects on human body.…”