“…These particles (from nanosized to microsized range) act either as nucleation centres for facilitating HA deposition on constructs or by releasing ions that induced stem cell differentiation, a process commonly termed as osteoinduction (Deng et al, ; Gao et al, ; Kim, Yun, & Kim, ; Sithole et al, ; Wenz, Borchers, Tovar, & Kluger, ; Zhai et al, ). Graphene is another material gaining momentum in bone regenerative studies (Hermenean et al, ; Lee et al, ; Lu et al, ; Shadjou & Hasanzadeh, ; Shin et al, ); however, its applicability to 3D bioprinted constructs is not fully explored yet (Wang et al, ; Sayyar, Officer, & Wallace, ; Zhou et al, ). Hence, bioink design forms a critical part of 3D bioprinted bone constructs, with advanced bioprinter designs, fabrication strategy, image conversion softwares, cell source, and seeding modalities, being other contributing factors.…”