Synergistic Interaction of Dietary Pattern and Concordance Lifestyle with Abnormal Liver Function among Young Adults in Taiwan: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study

Abstract

While diet and lifestyle are independently implicated in the etiology of liver disease, the interaction of diet and lifestyle may be more helpful for determining the risk of liver abnormality. Thus, our study aimed to evaluate the interaction between the dietary pattern associated with liver biomarkers and lifestyle factors among Taiwanese adults with abnormal liver enzymes. A liver-associated dietary pattern, generated using reduced rank regression, was characterized by high intake of soy sauce or other dips, sugar sweetened beverages, and preserved and processed foods, but low intake of seafood, fruits, eggs, and dark-colored vegetables. In the fully adjusted model, liver-associated dietary patterns or unhealthy concordance lifestyle factors were associated with an increased risk of having liver function abnormality (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.12 and OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.31, 1.53, respectively). Moreover, the interaction between liver-associated dietary pattern and unhealthy concordance lifestyle factors showed more significant correlation, with an elevated risk of abnormal liver function (OR = 2.14, 95% CI: 2.02, 2.26). Therefore, our study suggests that participants who have a strong liver-associated dietary pattern along with unhealthy concordance lifestyles are likely to have increased odds of abnormal liver function.

Healthy Taiwanese Eating Approach (TEA) toward Total Wellbeing and Healthy Longevity

“…In order to include only dietary factors highly associated with disease or health conditions of interest, we excluded dietary factors discovered by PCA or EFA that focused purely on dimension reduction of the multivariate dietary frequency variables. A total number of 19 articles were included in this review [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. The flow chart of searching literatures is shown in Figure 1.…”

“…From the 19 manuscripts, we found 2 prospective, 16 cross-sectional, and 1 case-control studies (Table 1). One prospective study employed data from the Mei Jau Health Institute check-up cohort (n = 62,645) [16], and the other one from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (n = 2475) [20]. A total of five cross-sectional studies (n = 25,569-118,924) used data from the MJ health check-up program [8][9][10][11]17], five studies (n = 1245-3071) utilized the data from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan [4][5][6]12,15], four studies (n = 125-212) derived data from the Taipei Medical University Hospital study [3,7,13,21], one study (n= 2397) applied data from the Taiwan Children Health Study [14], and another one study employed data from the Taiwan Longitudinal Survey of Aging (TLSA) study (n = 3486) [18], respectively.…”

“…For children, dietary patterns for asthma and/or other allergic diseases were studied (Table 1) [12,14]. For those at early or middle age adulthood, explored were a wide range of health conditions, including anemia [10,17], obesity/central obesity [3,4], dyslipidemia [10,13], metabolic syndrome [3,9,13,21], hyperuricemia [5], blood testosterone level [7,8], liver function [16], kidney function [11], and all-cause and cause-specific mortality [20]. For elderlies, dietary patterns for frailty and cognitive declines have been studied [6,15,18].…”

“…Within constructed dietary factors across 19 studies, food categories that were exclusively and inversely associated with health outcomes including all-cause and CVD mortalities are vegetables (15 times) [5][6][7][8][10][11][12][13]15,16,[18][19][20][21], fruits (12 times) [4,6,[9][10][11][12]15,16,[18][19][20], seafood (11 times) [5,6,10,13,15,16,[18][19][20][21], beans/soybean products (6 times) [5,6,8,11,21], tea (6 times) [4,6,15,[18][19][20], whole grains (5 times) [4,6,10,15], ...…”

“…No matter what similarities or differences are discovered, they may provide insight into components of diet that work toward better or worse health. In this endeavor, we reviewed data mining-related literature [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] pertaining to Taiwanese dietary patterns and multiple health or disease outcomes and also described the recent Taiwanese dietary content using data collected in the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan from 2017 to 2020 in order to shed light on healthy eating patterns and options in Asians.…”