Synergy of cashew nut shell filler on tribological behaviors of natural-fiber-reinforced epoxy composite

Sathishkumar, TP; Kumar, Shanmugam Arun; Navaneethakrishnan, P.; Irulappasamy, Siva; Rajini, N.

doi:10.1515/secm-2016-0243

Cited by 17 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…On the other hand, YM, hardness, and storage modulus (SM) were increased; the authors claim that this is due to the catalytic effect of OH groups present in fibers on the epoxy reaction kinetics, which may result in a higher crosslink density of the samples. The thermal stability of the composites (5% mass loss, 10% mass loss, and residual mass) was also increased due to the higher thermal Sathishkumar et al [44] studied the dry sliding wear and friction performance of epoxy composites containing cashew nutshell powder. The cashew nutshell powder was prepared from cashew nut seed, and the powder was treated with 5% NaOH solution to remove the weak amorphous phase from it.…”

Section: Post-agricultural Waste Powder Materials Filled Epoxy Composites (Seed and Fruits)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The photograph of wood apple fruit and wood apple shell, SEM images of the wood apple shell particles, and erosion wear behavior of the composites at different impingement angles are shown in Figure 5. Sathishkumar et al [44] studied the dry sliding wear and friction performance of epoxy composites containing cashew nutshell powder. The cashew nutshell powder was prepared from cashew nut seed, and the powder was treated with 5% NaOH solution to remove the weak amorphous phase from it.…”

Section: Post-agricultural Waste Powder Materials Filled Epoxy Composites (Seed and Fruits)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Natural Fillers as Potential Modifying Agents for Epoxy Composition: A Review

2022

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Epoxy resins as important organic matrices, thanks to their chemical structure and the possibility of modification, have unique properties, which contribute to the fact that these materials have been used in many composite industries for many years. Epoxy resins are repeatedly used in exacting applications due to their exquisite mechanical properties, thermal stability, scratch resistance, and chemical resistance. Moreover, epoxy materials also have really strong resistance to solvents, chemical attacks, and climatic aging. The presented features confirm the fact that there is a constant interest of scientists in the modification of resins and understanding its mechanisms, as well as in the development of these materials to obtain systems with the required properties. Most of the recent studies in the literature are focused on green fillers such as post-agricultural waste powder (cashew nuts powder, coconut shell powder, rice husks, date seed), grass fiber (bamboo fibers), bast/leaf fiber (hemp fibers, banana bark fibers, pineapple leaf), and other natural fibers (waste tea fibers, palm ash) as reinforcement for epoxy resins rather than traditional non-biodegradable fillers due to their sustainability, low cost, wide availability, and the use of waste, which is environmentally friendly. Furthermore, the advantages of natural fillers over traditional fillers are acceptable specific strength and modulus, lightweight, and good biodegradability, which is very desirable nowadays. Therefore, the development and progress of “green products” based on epoxy resin and natural fillers as reinforcements have been increasing. Many uses of natural plant-derived fillers include many plant wastes, such as banana bark, coconut shell, and waste peanut shell, can be found in the literature. Partially biodegradable polymers obtained by using natural fillers and epoxy polymers can successfully reduce the undesirable epoxy and synthetic fiber waste. Additionally, partially biopolymers based on epoxy resins, which will be presented in the paper, are more useful than commercial polymers due to the low cost and improved good thermomechanical properties.

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Section: Post-agricultural Waste Powder Materials Filled Epoxy Composites (Seed and Fruits)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Post-agricultural Waste Powder Materials Filled Epoxy Composites (Seed and Fruits)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Fillers as Potential Modifying Agents for Epoxy Composition: A Review

2022

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“…[2][3][4] Presently, nutshells in the form of particles as a filler material in a polymeric resin are of interest among the scientific community. Almond shell, [5,6] argan nutshell, [7,8] cashew nutshell, [9,10] coconut shell, [11,12] Doum palm shell, [13,14] hazelnut shell, [15,16] palm kernel shell, [17,18] peanut shell, [19,20] pistachio shell [21,22] and walnut shell [1,23] are the nutshells explored by the scientific community as a filler material for different applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical, mechanical, and sliding wear behavior of epoxy composites filled with surface modified walnut shell particulate

Shejkar¹,

Agrawal²,

Agrawal

et al. 2022

Polymer Composites

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The current study aims to examine the influence of surface‐modified micro‐sized walnut shell particulates (WSP) with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on epoxy composites. For that, epoxy/WSP composites are prepared by varying the WSP content up to 20 wt%. In this investigation, the physical properties (surface morphology, density, voids percentage, water uptake), mechanical properties (tensile, flexural, compressive, hardness), and sliding wear behavior of the composites are reported. From the micrographs, it is clear that WSP established good adhesion with the epoxy matrix. Further, it is found that the density, void content, water intake capacity, compressive strength, and hardness increase with WSP loading. Against that, the tensile and flexural strength is somewhat reduced at higher filler loading. Sliding wear tests are performed as per L25 Taguchi's orthogonal array. From the analysis, it is observed that WSP content is the most significant factor and sliding distance is the least significant factor for minimizing the wear rate. For analyzing the sliding wear performance under varied conditions, a prediction model is proposed using an artificial neural network to forecast the sliding wear rate of epoxy/WSP composites over a wide range of experimental domains.

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“…Reinforcing of epoxy resins by means of good mechanical, thermal electrical and chemical fibers like basalt, glass, carbon and other specific natural fibers is a popular way to improve the properties of the brittle epoxy matrix [13][14][15][26][27][28]. Siva et al [16] concluded that using of cashew nut shell, hazelnut shell or basalt fiber as epoxy composite reinforcements improved its thermal and mechanical properties. Even though epoxy composites depict encouraged tribological performance it remains difficult to recycle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Sunflower Seeds Husk, Peanut Shell Husk and Vegetable Oils on the Tribological Performance of Basalt Chopped Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid-Composites

Ibrahem¹

2021

Tribol. Ind.

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Natural fiber and fillers in hybrid materials have been attracting extra attention of researchers during recent years for enhancing properties/behavior of polymer composites. Because of their lightweight, high thermal stability and safe environmental impacts sunflower husk and like fillers are proposed to improve the tribological performance of reinforced polymer hybrid composites in several studies by researchers and scientists. In the present work sunflower husk and peanut shell powder are used as natural fillers besides sesame and castor oils to improve the tribological performance of basalt fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Epoxy resin reinforced with 30% vol. basalt chopped fiber has been used for the purpose of enhancing mechanical strength, hardness, and stiffness of composites. Natural fillers and vegetable oils were added in a volumetric ratio up to 20 % interchangeably. Friction coefficient and wear rate of epoxy hybrid -composites were measured under dry sliding condition by means of Block-on-Ring (BOR) tribometer. Hardness was also investigated for the proposed polymer composites. Results show that friction coefficient of basalt reinforced epoxy hybrid -composite remarkably improved with adding of natural fillers as well as vegetable oils. For tribological applications that require low friction coefficient and high wear resistance, like solid lubricants or self-lubricated materials; epoxy hybrid-composites filled with 10 % peanut shell husk fillers as well as 10 % sesame oil have been recommended.

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Synergy of cashew nut shell filler on tribological behaviors of natural-fiber-reinforced epoxy composite

Cited by 17 publications

References 19 publications

Natural Fillers as Potential Modifying Agents for Epoxy Composition: A Review

Natural Fillers as Potential Modifying Agents for Epoxy Composition: A Review

Physical, mechanical, and sliding wear behavior of epoxy composites filled with surface modified walnut shell particulate

Effect of Sunflower Seeds Husk, Peanut Shell Husk and Vegetable Oils on the Tribological Performance of Basalt Chopped Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid-Composites

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