Syngas production through gasification and cleanup for downstream applications — Recent developments

A Critical Review of Mineral Matter Related Issues during Gasification of Coal in Fixed, Fluidized, and Entrained Flow Gasifiers

“…A small slag layer on the refractory is desirable as this layer protects the refractory lining and reduces heat loss. However at high temperature and reduced viscosity, the molten slag layer can be very corrosive and can penetrate deeply into the air-cooled refractory lining [77] affecting the stability of the refractory. Besides corrosion, higher operating temperature can also increase the oxygen demand and consequently reduce the efficiency of the gasifier.…”

Slag Behavior in Gasifiers. Part I: Influence of Coal Properties and Gasification Conditions

“…The tested coals were high-rank coals. Entrained-flow gasifiers with high temperature and high pressure have been selected for the majority of IGCC projects (Table 1) [11]. The main advantage of using high-temperature entrained-flow gasifiers is to generate syngas that is free of oils and tars so that the related problems can be avoided [7].…”

“…These issues are related to slag behavior and influenced by fuel properties and operating conditions. Entrained flow gasifiers are mostly used in IGCC applications to produce power and chemicals (e.g., ammonia, methanol, and acetic acid) [11]. In gasifiers, carbon in the coal particles is converted to syngas, and the mineral matters in the coal are transformed to ash/slag [12].…”

“…To ensure continuous slag flow, temperature exceeding the ash flow temperature and temperature of critical viscosity, as well as a slag viscosity of less than 25 Pa·s (250 poise), are necessary [20]. In addition, at high temperature the molten slag layer can corrode/penetrate deeply into a gasifier's wall (i.e., refractory lining) even though the same layer can act as a thermal barrier to protect the wall at lower temperature [11,21]. This corrosion/penetration results in rapid refractory wearing/changing in the microstructure and properties of refractory that could cause possible cracking.…”

Metal-doped apatitic calcium phosphates: preparation, characterization, and reactivity in the removal of hydrogen sulfide from gas phase

“…Nowadays, natural gas, biogas, and syngas being considered as important energy sources or raw materials (for syngas and hydrogen production), contain also H 2 S at various concentrations, and need pre-treatment before being processed. [1][2][3][4][5] Different industrial processes and rural and agricultural activities generate also waste gases containing H 2 S, for examples, crude oil refineries, coal combustion and/or gasification, paper mills, food industries, wastewater treatment plants, animal farms, etc. At high concentration, the Claus process and its derivatives were developed for the recovery of sulphur.…”