Syntactic and semantic errors in paralexia

Marshall, John C.; Newcombe, Freda

doi:10.1016/0028-3932(66)90045-5

Cited by 349 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…According to the literature on deep dyslexia, the RH displays semantic representations of language (Coltheart, Patterson, & Marshall, 1980;Marshall & Newcombe, 1966;Saffran & Marin, 1977;Saffran, Schwartz, & Marin, 1976). Contrary to expectation, equal performance of the two visual half-fields was not obtained for all semantic matchings, but was for the matching of picturable synonyms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Hemispheric differences for semantically and phonologically primed nouns: A tachistoscopic study in normals

Rodel

Dudley

Bourdeau

1983

Perception & Psychophysics

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Normal individuals performed two matching tasks. In one task, semantic processing, synonyms had to be recognized. Half the stimuli were picturable and half were nonpicturable nouns. In this task, recognition of picturable synonyms was found to have hemifield symmetry, whereas recognition of nonpicturable synonyms yielded a left-hemisphere superiority, indicating that semantic matching itself did not reveal equal performance of both hemispheres. It is concluded that picturable synonyms might be recognized either by processes of visual imagery, which pertain to right-hemisphere function, or by their phonological or phonic features, which are processed by the left hemisphere. The other task, shown in previous research to exhibit a left-hemisphere superiority, was to decide if two nouns (homophones) were equally pronounced. Here a distinct left-hemisphere advantage was revealed.Words tachistoscopically presented in the right visual half-field (RVF) are generally easier to recognize than those presented in the left visual half-field (LVF) (Barton, Goodglass, & Shai, 1965; Goodglass & Barton, 1963; Heron, 1957;Mishkin & Forgays, 1952). Kimura (1961) suggested that RVF advantages in word recognition were a consequence of the direct contralateral connections with the language center in the left hemisphere (LH).Most studies have compared laterality effects for single-word recognition as a function of such lexical properties as word length, letter position, frequency of occurrence, concreteness, imageability, or syntactic class (see Searleman, 1977). Several studies have indicated that abstract and low-imageability words show a larger RVF superiority than do concrete or high-imageability words. Ellis and Shepherd (1974) presented 20 abstract and 20 concrete words to normal subjects. Concrete words yielded an insignificant LH advantage and abstract words a significant one. Hines (1976) carried out a similar experiment and observed an interaction between hemispheres and concreteness. The LH superiority was greater for This study was supported in part by research grants from the Holderbank-Stiftung, Switzerland, and from the Stiftung fUr Medizinisch-Biologische Forschung, Switzerland, and in part by a grant from the Centre en Science neurologique of the University of Montreal, Canada. Requests for reprints should be addressed to Manfred Rodel, Neurological Department, University Hospital of Ziirich, Raernistrasse 100, CH-8091 Ziirich, Switzerland. 523abstract words than for concrete words. Marcel and Patterson (1979) provided evidence of a selective disability of the right hemisphere (RH) in dealing with low-imageability words. Yet, conflicting results were found by Hatta (1977) and by Saffran, Bogyo, Schwartz, and Marin (1980), who refuted these tendencies for concrete and abstract kanji characters. Nevertheless, the findings that pointed to an equal recognition of concrete and high-imageability words in left and right hemifields showed that high-frequency, concrete, picturable nouns are more likely to be successfully ana...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Hemispheric differences for semantically and phonologically primed nouns: A tachistoscopic study in normals

Rodel

Dudley

Bourdeau

1983

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…And finally it is recognition that gives rise to the affective response. In R s , recognition precedes feature identification, as is the case when letters that form words are recognized better than letters that do not form words (Johnston & McClelland, 1974) or when meaning is apprehended while the word itself cannot be identified, as in the paralexic response of certain aphasic patients (Marshall & Newcombe,. 1966).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences.

Zajonc¹

1980

American Psychologist

6,594

180

3,491

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Affect is considered by most contemporary theories to be postcognitive, that is, to occur only after considerable cognitive operations have been accomplished. Yet a number of experimental results on preferences, attitudes, impression formation, and de-_ cision making, as well as some clinical phenomena, suggest that affective judgments may be fairly independent of, and precede in time, the sorts of perceptual and cognitive operations commonly assumed to be the basis of these affective judgments. Affective reactions to stimuli are often the very first reactions of the organism, and for lower organisms they are the dominant reactions. Affective reactions can occur without extensive perceptual and cognitive encoding, are made with greater confidence than cognitive judgments, and can be made sooner. Experimental evidence is presented demonstrating that reliable affective discriminations (like-dislike ratings) can be made in the total absence of recognition memory (old-new judgments).Various differences between judgments based on affect and those based on perceptual and cognitive processes are examined. It is concluded that affect and cognition are under the control of separate and partially independent systems that can influence each other in a variety of ways, and that both constitute independent sources of effects in information processing.

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“…None of this is meant to be a claim that syndromes and group studies have no role to play at all in cognitive neuropsychology. Indeed, the first studies of the cognitive neuropsychology of reading in the modern era were studies of syndromes of acquired dyslexia: surface dyslexia, deep dyslexia, and visual dyslexia (Marshall & Newcombe, 1966, 1973. What this work showed us was that there are subtypes of acquired dyslexia (Castles & Coltheart, 1993, did the same thing with reference to developmental dyslexia).…”

Section: Cognitive Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciencementioning

confidence: 88%