“…[48] OLEDs that are constructed with neutral complexes typically consist of the luminescent chromophore embedded in an organic matrix (e.g., 4,4'-N,N'-dicarbazolylbiphenyl, CBP), sandwiched between multiple layers of charge transport materials (e.g., 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, BCP and 4,4'-bis-[N-(naphthyl-N-phenylamino)biphenyl, a-NPD, respectively), and capped with a low workfunction cathode (e.g., LiF/Al) and a transparent anode (e.g., indium-tin oxide, ITO; Figure 5a). [49] By systematically adjusting the nature of the excited state in the chromophore, Thompson and Forrest have observed emission across the visible spectrum. [15,28] Similarly, Holmes and Friend finetuned electroluminescence in the green-to-blue regime through synthetic modifications to the chromophore and, more importantly, improved the operational lifetime of the devices through the use of more stable (i.e., less labile) ancillary ligands.…”